Race, Racism, and Science : Social Impact and Interaction

by Jackson, John P., Jr.; Weidman, Nadine M.

• ISBN13: 9780813537368
• ISBN10: 0813537363
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-11-15
• Publisher: Rutgers Univ Pr

Summary

Since the eighteenth century when natural historians created the idea of distinct racial categories, scientific findings on race have been a double-edged sword. For some antiracists, science holds the promise of one day providing indisputable evidence to help eradicate racism. On the other hand, science has been enlisted to promote racist beliefs ranging from a justification of slavery in the eighteenth century to the infamous twentieth-century book, The Bell Curve,whose authors argued that racial differences in intelligence resulted in lower test scores for African Americans. This well-organized, readable textbook takes the reader through a chronological account of how and why racial categories were created and how the study of "race" evolved in multiple academic disciplines, including genetics, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. In a bibliographic essay at the conclusion of each of the book's seven sections, the authors recommend primary texts that will further the reader's understanding of each topic. Heavily illustrated and enlivened with sidebar biographies, this text is ideal for classroom use.

Table of Contents

Series Editor's Preface	ix
Prologue	xi
The Origins of Racial Science, Antiquity--1800	1	(28)
Was There Race in Antiquity?	1	(3)
The Curse of Ham and Medieval Racial Thought	4	(3)
The Age of Exploration	7	(1)
Natural Philosophy and the Colonial Experience: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries	8	(4)
The Science of Anthropology	12	(8)
The Atlantic Slave System	20	(2)
Enlightenment Values and Racial Thought	22	(2)
Conclusion	24	(1)
Bibliographic Essay	24	(5)
The Establishment of Racial Typology, 1800-1859	29	(32)
The Reign of Monogenism: Prichard and Lawrence	35	(4)
Steps toward Polygenesis	39	(6)
American Polygenism: Morton, Nott, and Gliddon	45	(7)
Polygenism in the Land of Prichard	52	(3)
Conclusion	55	(2)
Bibliographic Essay	57	(4)
Race and Evolution, 1859--1900	61	(36)
Darwin's Argument in On the Origin of Species	63	(4)
Darwin and Wallace on Natural Selection and Human Origins	67	(2)
Darwin on Human Evolution	69	(3)
Physical Anthropology and the Persistence of Polygenism	72	(4)
Spencer and Evolution	76	(4)
Spencer on the Savage Mind	80	(4)
Social Darwinism and Its Variants	84	(1)
Social Darwinism in Germany	85	(3)
Sociocultural Evolutionism in Britain	88	(5)
Bibliographic Essay	93	(4)
The Hardening of Scientific Racism, 1900--1945	97	(32)
The Problem of Heredity	97	(2)
Francis Galton	99	(3)
Hard Heredity	102	(3)
The Rise of Nordicism	105	(4)
Nordicism and Civilization	105	(2)
The Supremacy of Nordics	107	(2)
The Rise of Eugenics	109	(16)
Eugenics and Race in the United States	109	(11)
German Rassenhygiene	120	(5)
Bibliographic Essay	125	(4)
The Retreat of Scientific Racism, 1890--1940	129	(34)
Boas and the Culture Concept	130	(7)
Boasian Anthropology and Black Folklore	137	(7)
Psychologists and the Critique of IQ Testing	144	(2)
From Race Psychology to Studies in Prejudice	146	(7)
Genetics and the Critique of Eugenics	153	(6)
Bibliographic Essay	159	(4)
The Liberal Orthodoxy, 1940--1960	163	(42)
The Geneticists' Manifesto	165	(3)
Wartime Antiracism: Benedict, Montagu, and Dunn and Dobzhansky	168	(5)
Experts in Prejudice	173	(4)
An American Dilemma	177	(4)
The Post-Myrdal Liberal Orthodoxy	181	(7)
The Damage Argument	188	(5)
The Breakdown of the Liberal Orthodoxy	193	(4)
The UNESCO Statements on Race	197	(4)
Bibliographic Essay	201	(4)
A Multicultural Science of Race, 1965 to the Present	205	(32)
Movement Scholarship	205	(2)
The Rejection of the Pathology of Black Culture	207	(2)
Institutional Racism and Colonialism	209	(4)
Genetics, New Physical Anthropology, and the Abandonment of Race	213	(6)
Forward to the Past: The Psychometrician Case for Race Differences	219	(3)
Psychometrics, Intelligence, and Heritability	222	(2)
Geneticists versus the Psychometricians	224	(2)
The Psychometricians versus Scholars of Institutional Racism	226	(4)
Psychometric Case for Policy	230	(3)
Bibliographic Essay	233	(4)
Chronology	237	(6)
Glossary	243	(12)
Documents	255	(116)
Bibliography	371	(16)
Index	387	(16)
About the Authors	403