Racial and Ethnic Relations in America

by McLemore, S. Dale; Romo, Harriett D.; Gonzalez Baker, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780205318032
• ISBN10: 0205318037
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text for Race and Ethnic Relations focuses on the five largest ethnic groups in the U.S. Mexican Americans, African Americans, Native Americans, Japanese Americans, and now Puerto Ricans. McLemore, Romo, and Gonzalez Baker present historical information and contemporary examples of the largest ethnic and minority groups in the United States. They analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the assimilation model in explaining how various racial and ethnic groups have been incorporated (or not) into U.S. society. Focusing on interracial and interethnic relations in the U.S., the authors give a sociological analysis of intergroup processes and the history of the interactions of racial and ethnic groups. Organized thematically rather than chronologically, the text illuminates the main racial and ethnic dilemmas faced in America as shown through the examples of these five groups.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Natives and Newcomers	1	(18)
An Overview of Assimilation in America	3	(5)
A Popular View	3	(2)
Some Non-European Instances	5	(1)
Some Factors Affecting Assimilation	6	(1)
Differences in Social Power	6	(1)
Voluntary or Involuntary Entrance	7	(1)
Group Size, Concentration, and Time of Entry	7	(1)
Ethnic and Racial Similarity	8	(1)
Development of Assimilation Theory	8	(2)
Race and Ethnicity: A Conceptual Note	10	(3)
Race	11	(1)
Ethnicity	12	(1)
Discussion Questions	13	(1)
Key Ideas	13	(2)
Key Terms	15	(1)
Notes	16	(3)
Together or Apart? Some Competing Views	19	(30)
Subprocesses of Assimilation	21	(3)
Gordon's Theory of Assimilation Subprocesses	24	(2)
Three Ideologies of Assimilation	26	(6)
The Anglo-Conformity Ideology	26	(3)
The Melting-Pot Ideology	29	(1)
The Ideology of Cultural Pluralism	30	(2)
Two Antiassimilationist Ideologies: Separatism and Secessionism	32	(3)
The Models of Assimilation as Descriptions	35	(7)
Reality Check: Interview with Curtis	40	(2)
Discussion Questions	42	(1)
Key Ideas	42	(2)
Key Terms	44	(2)
Notes	46	(3)
The Rise of Anglo American Society	49	(26)
The English Legacy	50	(3)
Indian--English Relations	53	(4)
Servants and Slaves	57	(4)
The Colonial Irish	61	(2)
The Colonial Germans	63	(1)
The Revolutionary Period	64	(5)
Reality Check: Interview with Pam	67	(2)
Discussion Questions	69	(1)
Key Ideas	70	(2)
Key Terms	72	(1)
Notes	72	(3)
The Golden Door	75	(34)
The First Great Immigrant Stream	78	(8)
The Nineteenth-Century Irish	79	(1)
The Potato Famine	79	(2)
Natives' Reactions	81	(1)
Women Immigrants	82	(1)
The Nineteenth-Century Germans	83	(2)
Political Participation	85	(1)
Changing Patterns of Immigration	86	(2)
The Second Great Immigrant Stream	88	(9)
The Italians	89	(2)
Natives' Reactions	91	(1)
Ethnic Identity	91	(1)
Sephardic and Ashkenazaic Jews	92	(1)
German Jews	93	(1)
Russian Jews	93	(1)
Italians and Russian Jews	94	(2)
Immigration Restriction: A Preview	96	(1)
The Third Great Immigrant Stream	97	(6)
Rejection of the National-Origins Principle	98	(2)
Three Sociocultural Effects of the New Laws	100	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Composition	100	(1)
Undocumented Workers	101	(1)
Reality Check: Interview with Amanda	101	(2)
Discussion Questions	103	(1)
Key Ideas	104	(1)
Key Terms	105	(1)
Notes	106	(3)
Nativism and Racism	109	(40)
Nativism	110	(3)
Scientific Racism	113	(7)
Racial Differences	113	(1)
Mental Testing and Immigration	114	(1)
The Rise of Environmentalism	115	(1)
Comparing Races	116	(1)
Spearman's Theory	116	(1)
Flashpoint 1: Hereditarianism Revisited	117	(3)
Immigration Restriction	120	(5)
The Chinese	120	(3)
The Immigration Act of 1924	123	(2)
Contemporary Racism	125	(15)
Prejudice and Discrimination	127	(1)
Theories of Prejudice	127	(1)
Cultural-Transmission Theories of Prejudice	127	(1)
Group-Identification Theories of Prejudice	128	(2)
Personality Theories of Prejudice	130	(1)
Theories of Discrimination	131	(1)
Situational Pressures Theories of Discrimination	131	(2)
Group Conflict Theories of Discrimination	133	(2)
Institutional Discrimination Theories	135	(2)
Reality Check: Interview with Jana	137	(3)
Discussion Questions	140	(1)
Key Ideas	140	(2)
Key Terms	142	(2)
Notes	144	(5)
Japanese Americans	149	(38)
Japanese Immigration and Native Reactions	152	(4)
Anti-Asian Sentiment	152	(1)
Anti-Japanese Protest	153	(1)
The School Board Crisis	154	(1)
The ``Picture-Bride Invasion''	155	(1)
The Japanese Family and Community in America	156	(5)
Family and Community Cohesion	156	(2)
Japanese Occupations and Alien Land Laws	158	(1)
Exclusion	159	(1)
The Second-Generation Period	160	(1)
War, Evacuation, and Relocation	161	(7)
The Relocation Program	163	(1)
Life in the Camps	164	(2)
Legal Issues	166	(2)
Japanese American Assimilation	168	(7)
Cultural Assimilation	168	(1)
Intergenerational Differences	168	(1)
The Sansei	169	(1)
Secondary Structural Assimilation	170	(1)
Organizational Membership	170	(1)
Residential Assimilation	171	(1)
Primary Structural Assimilation	172	(1)
Marital Assimilation	173	(1)
Other Forms of Assimilation	174	(1)
Japanese American ``Success''	175	(6)
The Cultural View	175	(1)
Value Compatibility	175	(1)
Family and Community Cohesion	176	(1)
Critique	177	(1)
The Structural View	177	(1)
Middleman Minority Theory	178	(1)
Dual-Economy Theory	178	(1)
Ethnic-Enclave Theory	179	(1)
Consequence of Issei Success	179	(1)
A Comparison of Success Theories	180	(1)
Discussion Questions	181	(1)
Key Ideas	181	(1)
Key Terms	182	(1)
Notes	183	(4)
Mexican Americans: From Colonized Minority to Political Activists	187	(34)
The Colonial Model	189	(10)
Early Indian-Spanish Relations	192	(2)
The Texas Frontier	194	(1)
Conflict in the Borderlands	195	(4)
The Immigrant Model	199	(3)
Mexican Immigration and Native Reaction	202	(14)
The Great Depression	204	(1)
The Bracero Program	205	(2)
The Zoot-Suit Riots	207	(2)
The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement	209	(4)
The Post-Chicano Movement	213	(1)
Reality Check: Interview with Eddie	214	(2)
Discussion Questions	216	(1)
Key Ideas	216	(2)
Key Terms	218	(1)
Notes	219	(2)
Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans: Identity and Incorporation	221	(36)
Identification and Diversity	223	(2)
The Colonization of Puerto Rico	225	(2)
Cultural Assimilation: English and Spanish	227	(19)
Flashpoint 2: Bilingual Education	228	(1)
Historical Perspectives	229	(2)
Legal Developments	231	(1)
Aspira of New York, Inc. v. Board of Education of the City of New York	232	(3)
Long-Term Implications	235	(1)
Cultural Assimilation: Family Patterns	236	(2)
Secondary Structural Assimilation	238	(1)
Occupations	238	(1)
Incomes	239	(1)
Education	240	(2)
Residential Segregation	242	(1)
Primary Structural Assimilation	243	(1)
Friendship Patterns	243	(1)
Marital Assimilation	244	(1)
Other Forms of Assimilation	245	(1)
Mexican American and Puerto Rican ``Success''	246	(4)
Reality Check: Interview with Johnana	248	(2)
Discussion Questions	250	(1)
Key Ideas	251	(1)
Key Terms	252	(1)
Notes	253	(4)
African Americans: From Slavery to Segregation	257	(32)
The Period of Slavery	259	(2)
The Impact of Slavery on Its Victims	260	(1)
The Profitability of Slavery	260	(1)
Immigrant or Colonized Minority?	261	(1)
Neither Assimilated nor Colonized	262	(1)
Emancipation and Reconstruction	262	(3)
Freed African Americans	263	(1)
White Hostility	264	(1)
The Restoration of White Supremacy	265	(5)
Economic Slavery	266	(1)
Jim Crow Laws	266	(1)
Voting Restrictions	267	(1)
Separate but Equal	268	(2)
Migration and Urbanization	270	(2)
The Civil Rights Movement	272	(13)
Separate and Subordinate	272	(1)
The Niagara Movement	273	(1)
The NAACP	273	(1)
Continued Racial Violence	274	(1)
Separatism	275	(1)
Back to Africa	275	(1)
Black Muslims	276	(2)
Strategy, Tactics, and Conflict	278	(1)
CORE: The Expansion of Nonviolent Protest	279	(1)
The Decline of Colonialism	280	(1)
Victories in the Courts	281	(1)
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education	281	(2)
Reality Check: Interview with Carla	283	(2)
Discussion Questions	285	(1)
Key Ideas	285	(1)
Key Terms	286	(1)
Notes	287	(2)
African Americans: Protest and Social Change	289	(38)
The Rise of Direct Action	290	(6)
Increasing Militancy	291	(1)
Civil Rights Legislation	292	(1)
Black Power	293	(1)
Renewed Black Nationalism	293	(1)
Violent Protests	293	(2)
Declining Momentum	295	(1)
Renewed Visibility of Black-White Conflict	296	(4)
The Beating of Rodney King	296	(1)
The O. J. Simpson Trial	297	(1)
Some Corporate Cases	298	(2)
African American Assimilation	300	(14)
Cultural Assimilation	300	(1)
The Moynihan Report	300	(1)
An Ethnic-Resource Model	301	(1)
Contemporary Families	302	(1)
The ``Million Man March''	303	(1)
Secondary Structural Assimilation	304	(1)
Occupations	304	(1)
Incomes	305	(1)
Education	306	(2)
Residential Segregation	308	(2)
Primary Structural Assimilation	310	(2)
Marital Assimilation	312	(1)
Other Forms of Assimilation	313	(1)
African American ``Success''	314	(8)
Growing African American Affluence	314	(1)
The ``Culture of Poverty'' Explanation	315	(1)
An ``Underclass''?	316	(1)
A Selective-Mobility Explanation	316	(2)
The Enterpreneurial Option	318	(2)
Reality Check: Interview with Jeffrey	320	(2)
Discussion Questions	322	(1)
Key Ideas	323	(1)
Key Terms	324	(1)
Notes	324	(3)
Native Americans: The First Americans	327	(34)
The English Penetration of the Continent	329	(1)
The French and Indian War	329	(1)
Anglo American-Indian Policies	330	(2)
The Proclamation of 1763	330	(1)
Enforcing the Treaties	331	(1)
Indian Removal	332	(3)
Legal Issues	332	(1)
The Indian Removal Act	333	(1)
The Trail of Tears	334	(1)
Plains Wars and Reservations	335	(3)
The Horse--Buffalo Economy	335	(1)
Increased Intertribal Warfare	335	(1)
Violations of the Treaties	336	(1)
The Battle of Little Bighorn	337	(1)
From Separatism to Anglo Conformity	338	(5)
The Bureau of Indian Affairs	339	(1)
The End of Treaty Making	339	(1)
The Dawes Act	340	(1)
Indian Education	341	(1)
The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee	342	(1)
Cycling between Anglo Conformity and Cultural Pluralism	343	(4)
The Indian Reorganization Act	344	(1)
The ``Termination'' Policy	345	(2)
Pan-Indian Responses and Initiatives	347	(6)
Protest Organizations	347	(1)
The Society for American Indians	347	(2)
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)	349	(1)
The New Tribalism	349	(1)
The Chicago Conference	349	(1)
Fish-ins	350	(1)
The American Indian Movement	351	(1)
Games of Chance	351	(1)
Sovereignty for Alaskan Tribes	352	(1)
Immigrant or Colonized Minority?	353	(3)
Discussion Questions	356	(1)
Key Ideas	356	(2)
Key Terms	358	(1)
Notes	359	(2)
Native Americans: A Struggle to Maintain Political and Cultural Pluralism	361	(26)
Cultural Assimilation	363	(7)
Language Maintenance	365	(1)
Indian Religious Freedom	366	(2)
Traditions	368	(1)
American Indian Ethnic Renewal	369	(1)
Pan-Indian Identity	369	(1)
Secondary Structural Assimilation	370	(7)
Education	371	(2)
Occupations	373	(3)
Incomes	376	(1)
Life Chances	376	(1)
Primary Structural Assimilation	377	(2)
Marital Assimilation	379	(1)
Other Forms of Assimilation	380	(2)
American Indian ``Success''	382	(1)
Discussion Questions	383	(1)
Key Ideas	384	(1)
Key Terms	385	(1)
Notes	385	(2)
The New Immigration	387	(32)
Changes in the Laws and the Immigrant Stream	389	(8)
Refugees: An International Issue	389	(2)
Increasing Diversity	391	(1)
Economic Adaptation and Settlement Patterns	391	(2)
Sociocultural Diversity	393	(1)
Time of Arrival	393	(2)
Undocumented Immigrants	395	(1)
Immigration Reform	396	(1)
The Vietnamese	397	(7)
The Thirty Years War in Vietnam: 1945-1975	397	(1)
The War and the Boat People	398	(1)
Refugee Resettlement	399	(1)
The Refugee Camps	400	(1)
Vietnamese American Assimilation	400	(1)
Cultural Assimilation	401	(1)
Secondary Structural Assimilation	402	(1)
Primary Structural Assimilation	403	(1)
Martial Assimilation	403	(1)
Conclusion	404	(1)
Resurgent Racism and Nativism	404	(10)
Hate Groups and Hate Crimes	405	(2)
Flashpoint 3: Is Immigration Good for America?	407	(1)
Proposition 187: The Immigration Debate in Microcosm	407	(2)
The Economic Question	409	(1)
The Sociocultural Question	410	(2)
Reality Check: Interview with Thu	412	(2)
Discussion Questions	414	(1)
Key Ideas	414	(2)
Key Terms	416	(1)
Notes	416	(3)
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination	419	(28)
Theory and Practice	421	(1)
The Educational Approach	422	(5)
Cognitive Approach	422	(1)
Vicarious Experience Approach	423	(1)
Intergroup Contact	424	(1)
Intergroup Contact in Schools	425	(1)
National Surveys	426	(1)
The Legal Approach	427	(11)
The Laws and the Mores	427	(1)
School Busing	428	(3)
Flashpoint 4: The Affirmative-Action Debate	431	(1)
Development of Affirmative Action	432	(1)
Early Legal Challenges	432	(1)
Some Salient Issues	433	(1)
Later Legal Challenges	434	(2)
Effectiveness of Affirmative Action	436	(1)
Morality of Affirmative Action	437	(1)
A Final Consideration	437	(1)
Legal Approaches: Conclusion	438	(1)
Political Participation	438	(3)
Consensus Approach: Electoral Politics	438	(2)
Conflict Approach: Organized Social Protest	440	(1)
Discussion Questions	441	(1)
Key Ideas	441	(2)
Key Terms	443	(1)
Notes	443	(4)
The Future of Ethinicity	447	(28)
Further Reflections on Assimilation and Ethnicity	448	(8)
In Retrospect	449	(1)
The Colonial Immigrants	449	(1)
The First-Stream Immigrants	450	(1)
The Second-Stream Immigrants	450	(1)
Some Other Indications of Assimilation	451	(1)
White Ethnic Identity	452	(1)
An Interpretation	453	(1)
The Non-White Experience	454	(2)
Consequences of Colonization and Immigration: An Alternative View	456	(2)
Early Stages of Ethnic-Group Formation	456	(1)
Immigrant Groups	456	(1)
An Important Implication	457	(1)
A Dynamic View of the Colonial and Immigrant Models	457	(1)
Some Applications of the Alternative View	458	(4)
Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans	458	(2)
Native Americans	460	(1)
African Americans	461	(1)
Segmented Assimilation	462	(1)
Some Tentative Conclusions about Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States	462	(2)
The Future of Ethnicity in the United States	464	(1)
Across National Boundaries	465	(5)
Sweden	465	(1)
South Africa	466	(1)
Canada	467	(1)
Brazil	468	(1)
Kosovo	469	(1)
Discussion Questions	470	(1)
Key Ideas	471	(1)
Key Terms	472	(1)
Notes	473	(2)
Appendix	475	(2)
References	477	(44)
Name Index	521	(10)
Subject Index	531