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Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
About the Author | p. xxiii |
Stylin' n' Profilin' | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Richards Story | p. 1 |
David s Story | p. 3 |
Purpose of the Book | p. 4 |
The Cambridge Incident | p. 4 |
Scope of the Problem | p. 8 |
Defining Racial Profiling | p. 13 |
Criminal Profiling | p. 15 |
What's in a Name? | p. 16 |
Experience Is Powerful | p. 17 |
Discussion Questions | p. 19 |
References | p. 19 |
Cases Cited | p. 21 |
Putting Racial Profiling into Context | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 23 |
Vigilante Justice? | p. 24 |
Experience Matters | p. 26 |
A History of Disparate Treatment | p. 27 |
Color by the Numbers | p. 27 |
A Legacy of Racialized Justice | p. 28 |
The Thin Blue Line | p. 34 |
The War on Drugs | p. 34 |
Intensified War Efforts | p. 36 |
Collateral Damage | p. 38 |
Policing and the War | p. 40 |
Discussion Questions | p. 41 |
References | p. 41 |
What about Congress, Data Collection, and the Court? | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
Congressional Mandates | p. 46 |
Missouri | p. 50 |
Texas | p. 50 |
Kansas | p. 51 |
Washington State | p. 52 |
Connecticut | p. 53 |
New York | p. 53 |
Police Stop Data | p. 54 |
Data Collection Methods | p. 60 |
Benchmark Data | p. 60 |
External Benchmark Data | p. 62 |
Traffic Surveys | p. 63 |
Internal Benchmarking | p. 64 |
Search Data | p. 65 |
Final Thoughts on Data Collection | p. 66 |
Did the Supreme Court Sanction Racial Profiling? | p. 66 |
The Whren Decision | p. 66 |
Would Have, Could Have, Should Have | p. 70 |
What Would a New Test Look Like? | p. 71 |
Discussion Questions | p. 74 |
References | p. 74 |
Cases Cited | p. 75 |
Phenomenology as Method in Racial Profiling Research | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
Framing the Study | p. 78 |
Alternative Epistemology | p. 79 |
The Paradigm Divide | p. 79 |
Qualitative Research | p. 81 |
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning | p. 83 |
Multiple Data Sources | p. 84 |
The Discovery of Meaning | p. 84 |
Phenomenology | p. 85 |
Selecting Participants | p. 86 |
Advertising | p. 87 |
Screening | p. 87 |
A Portrait of the Participants and Setting | p. 88 |
Treatment of Data | p. 91 |
Analyzing Phenomenological Data | p. 92 |
Discussion Questions | p. 94 |
References | p. 94 |
Experiencing Racial Profiling | p. 97 |
Introduction | p. 97 |
Constructing the Stop | p. 97 |
Emotional/Affective | p. 98 |
The Symbolic Vehicle | p. 105 |
Nature of the Traffic Violation | p. 110 |
Officer Demeanor | p. 113 |
Normative Experiences | p. 117 |
Race and Place | p. 118 |
Coercion and Appearance | p. 121 |
Feeling Compelled | p. 122 |
Symbolic Appearance | p. 122 |
Unifying Experience | p. 125 |
Berry's Story | p. 125 |
Discussion Questions | p. 128 |
Referencess | p. 129 |
Trusting the Data | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 131 |
Validity | p. 131 |
Internal Validity | p. 132 |
External Validity | p. 132 |
Face Validity | p. 132 |
Content Validity | p. 133 |
Construct Validity | p. 133 |
Reliability | p. 133 |
Trustworthiness | p. 134 |
Member Checks | p. 136 |
Triangulation | p. 136 |
Collaboration | p. 137 |
Rich, Thick Descriptions | p. 137 |
Researcher Reflexivity | p. 138 |
Interview Memo | p. 139 |
Setting | p. 139 |
The Interview | p. 139 |
Descriptive Notes | p. 139 |
Reflective Notes | p. 140 |
Discussion Questions | p. 141 |
References | p. 141 |
Striking Revelations | p. 143 |
Introduction | p. 143 |
Global Conclusions | p. 144 |
Striking Revelations | p. 146 |
The Stop | p. 146 |
You re Not Supposed to Be Driving Here | p. 149 |
Is It Socioeconomic Class and Not Race? | p. 153 |
The Emotional Roller Coaster | p. 155 |
Symptoms of PTSD | p. 156 |
Symptoms of PTSD: Avoidance and Numbing | p. 156 |
Symptoms of PTSD: Increased Anxiety and Emotional Arousal | p. 157 |
The Symbolic Hooptie | p. 157 |
How Can You Afford That Car? | p. 160 |
Why You Harassin' Me, Man? | p. 161 |
Welcome to My World | p. 163 |
I Think of Young Black Males | p. 164 |
Discussion Questions | p. 167 |
References | p. 168 |
Where Do We Go From Here? | p. 169 |
Introduction | p. 169 |
Implications for Police Practice | p. 169 |
Racial Profiling Training | p. 169 |
Cultural Diversity Training | p. 170 |
Fostering Mutual Respect | p. 174 |
Motorist Contacts | p. 174 |
Community Coalitions | p. 176 |
Communication | p. 176 |
Citizen Review Panel | p. 177 |
Citizen Police Academies | p. 177 |
Racial Profiling Policy | p. 178 |
The Pretext Stop | p. 182 |
The Consent Search | p. 183 |
The Police Warrior Culture | p. 185 |
Community Policing | p. 187 |
SARA Problem-Solving Model | p. 188 |
Implications for Citizens | p. 191 |
What to Do When Stopped by the Police | p. 191 |
Summary of What to Do if Stopped by the Police | p. 193 |
If You Are Stopped in Your Car | p. 194 |
Know Your Rights | p. 194 |
Know Reporting Venues | p. 196 |
Get Involved | p. 196 |
Implications for Research | p. 197 |
Phenomenology | p. 198 |
Other Research Approaches | p. 199 |
The White Male Researcher | p. 201 |
Gatekeepers | p. 202 |
Screening | p. 203 |
Establishing Rapport | p. 203 |
Interview Location | p. 205 |
Discussion Questions | p. 205 |
References | p. 205 |
Cases Cited | p. 207 |
Index | p. 209 |
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