Racial Profiling: They Stopped Me Because I'm ------------!

by Birzer; Michael L.

• ISBN13: 9781439872253
• ISBN10: 1439872252
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-11-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Using primary empirical studies and extensive, in-depth interviews, this book draws on nearly two years of field research into how minorities experience racial profiling by police authorities. Citing cases involving over 100 racial and ethnic minority citizens, it places into context the experience of racial profiling by examining each individual case and employing a rigorous qualitative phenomenological method to develop dominant themes and determine their associated meaning. Suitable as a textbook or professional reference, this book distinguishes myth from data to discover the truth underlying the practice of racial profiling.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
About the Author	p. xxiii
Stylin' n' Profilin'	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Richards Story	p. 1
David s Story	p. 3
Purpose of the Book	p. 4
The Cambridge Incident	p. 4
Scope of the Problem	p. 8
Defining Racial Profiling	p. 13
Criminal Profiling	p. 15
What's in a Name?	p. 16
Experience Is Powerful	p. 17
Discussion Questions	p. 19
References	p. 19
Cases Cited	p. 21
Putting Racial Profiling into Context	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Vigilante Justice?	p. 24
Experience Matters	p. 26
A History of Disparate Treatment	p. 27
Color by the Numbers	p. 27
A Legacy of Racialized Justice	p. 28
The Thin Blue Line	p. 34
The War on Drugs	p. 34
Intensified War Efforts	p. 36
Collateral Damage	p. 38
Policing and the War	p. 40
Discussion Questions	p. 41
References	p. 41
What about Congress, Data Collection, and the Court?	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Congressional Mandates	p. 46
Missouri	p. 50
Texas	p. 50
Kansas	p. 51
Washington State	p. 52
Connecticut	p. 53
New York	p. 53
Police Stop Data	p. 54
Data Collection Methods	p. 60
Benchmark Data	p. 60
External Benchmark Data	p. 62
Traffic Surveys	p. 63
Internal Benchmarking	p. 64
Search Data	p. 65
Final Thoughts on Data Collection	p. 66
Did the Supreme Court Sanction Racial Profiling?	p. 66
The Whren Decision	p. 66
Would Have, Could Have, Should Have	p. 70
What Would a New Test Look Like?	p. 71
Discussion Questions	p. 74
References	p. 74
Cases Cited	p. 75
Phenomenology as Method in Racial Profiling Research	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Framing the Study	p. 78
Alternative Epistemology	p. 79
The Paradigm Divide	p. 79
Qualitative Research	p. 81
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	p. 83
Multiple Data Sources	p. 84
The Discovery of Meaning	p. 84
Phenomenology	p. 85
Selecting Participants	p. 86
Advertising	p. 87
Screening	p. 87
A Portrait of the Participants and Setting	p. 88
Treatment of Data	p. 91
Analyzing Phenomenological Data	p. 92
Discussion Questions	p. 94
References	p. 94
Experiencing Racial Profiling	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Constructing the Stop	p. 97
Emotional/Affective	p. 98
The Symbolic Vehicle	p. 105
Nature of the Traffic Violation	p. 110
Officer Demeanor	p. 113
Normative Experiences	p. 117
Race and Place	p. 118
Coercion and Appearance	p. 121
Feeling Compelled	p. 122
Symbolic Appearance	p. 122
Unifying Experience	p. 125
Berry's Story	p. 125
Discussion Questions	p. 128
Referencess	p. 129
Trusting the Data	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Validity	p. 131
Internal Validity	p. 132
External Validity	p. 132
Face Validity	p. 132
Content Validity	p. 133
Construct Validity	p. 133
Reliability	p. 133
Trustworthiness	p. 134
Member Checks	p. 136
Triangulation	p. 136
Collaboration	p. 137
Rich, Thick Descriptions	p. 137
Researcher Reflexivity	p. 138
Interview Memo	p. 139
Setting	p. 139
The Interview	p. 139
Descriptive Notes	p. 139
Reflective Notes	p. 140
Discussion Questions	p. 141
References	p. 141
Striking Revelations	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Global Conclusions	p. 144
Striking Revelations	p. 146
The Stop	p. 146
You re Not Supposed to Be Driving Here	p. 149
Is It Socioeconomic Class and Not Race?	p. 153
The Emotional Roller Coaster	p. 155
Symptoms of PTSD	p. 156
Symptoms of PTSD: Avoidance and Numbing	p. 156
Symptoms of PTSD: Increased Anxiety and Emotional Arousal	p. 157
The Symbolic Hooptie	p. 157
How Can You Afford That Car?	p. 160
Why You Harassin' Me, Man?	p. 161
Welcome to My World	p. 163
I Think of Young Black Males	p. 164
Discussion Questions	p. 167
References	p. 168
Where Do We Go From Here?	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Implications for Police Practice	p. 169
Racial Profiling Training	p. 169
Cultural Diversity Training	p. 170
Fostering Mutual Respect	p. 174
Motorist Contacts	p. 174
Community Coalitions	p. 176
Communication	p. 176
Citizen Review Panel	p. 177
Citizen Police Academies	p. 177
Racial Profiling Policy	p. 178
The Pretext Stop	p. 182
The Consent Search	p. 183
The Police Warrior Culture	p. 185
Community Policing	p. 187
SARA Problem-Solving Model	p. 188
Implications for Citizens	p. 191
What to Do When Stopped by the Police	p. 191
Summary of What to Do if Stopped by the Police	p. 193
If You Are Stopped in Your Car	p. 194
Know Your Rights	p. 194
Know Reporting Venues	p. 196
Get Involved	p. 196
Implications for Research	p. 197
Phenomenology	p. 198
Other Research Approaches	p. 199
The White Male Researcher	p. 201
Gatekeepers	p. 202
Screening	p. 203
Establishing Rapport	p. 203
Interview Location	p. 205
Discussion Questions	p. 205
References	p. 205
Cases Cited	p. 207
Index	p. 209
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