Radiation Detection and Measurement

by Knoll, Glenn F.

• ISBN13: 9780470131480
• ISBN10: 0470131489
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-08-16
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The new edition continues to convey the importance of understanding the basic physics underlying the operation of instruments.

This is the resource that engineers turn to in the study of radiation detection. The fourth edition takes into account the technical developments that continue to enhance the instruments and techniques available for the detection and spectroscopy of ionizing radiation.

A new edition of the most comprehensive text/reference available on the methods and instrumentation used in the detection of ionizing radiation.

Updated to reflect advances since the first edition came out in 1979. Retains the general organization of the first edition--all topics of importance are covered in sufficient detail to lead the reader from basic principles to examples of modern applications. Covers modern engineering practice; provides useful design information; and contains an up-to-date and thorough review of the literature.

New coverage is presented on ROC curves, micropattern gas detectors, new sensors for scintillation light, and the excess noise factor.

Revised discussions are also included on TLDs and cryogenic spectrometers, radiation backgrounds, and the VME standard. Engineers will gain a strong understanding of the field with this updated book.

Author Biography

GLENN FREDERICK KNOLL is Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences in the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan. Following his undergraduate education at Case Institute of Technology, he earned a Master's degree from Stanford University and a doctorate in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Michigan. During his graduate work, he held national fellowships from the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation.
He joined the Michigan faculty in 1962, and served as Chairman of the Department of Nuclear Engineering from 1979 to 1990 and as Interim Dean of the College of Engineering from 1995-96. He held appointments as Visiting Scientist at the Nuclear Research Center in Karlsruhe, Germany and as Senior Fellow in the Department of Physics at the University of Surrey, U.K. His research interest have centered on radiation measurements, nuclear instrumentation, and radiation imaging. He is author or co-author of over 140 technical publications, 8 patents, and 2 textbooks.
He has been elected a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, the American Nuclear Society, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He has been selected to receive three national awards given annually to a single recipient for achievements in engineering and education: the 1979 Glenn Murphy Award from the American Society for Engineering Education, the 1991 Arthur Holly Compton Award of the American Nuclear Society, and the 1996 Merit Award of the IEEE/Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society. He is one of five receiving editors of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Part A, and a past or present member of the Editorial Boards for Nuclear Science and Engineering, IEEE Transaction on Medical Imaging, and Physica Medica. In 1999, he was elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering. He has served as consultant to 25 industrial and government organizations in technical areas related to radiation measurements, and is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Michigan.

Table of Contents

Radiation Sources

Units And Definitions

Fast Electron Sources

Heavy Charged Particle Sources

Sources Of Electromagnetic Radiation

Neutron Sources

Radiation Interactions

Interaction Of Heavy Charged Particles

Interaction Of Fast Electrons

Interaction Of Gamma Rays

Interaction Of Neutrons

Radiation Exposure And Dose

Counting Statistics And Error Prediction

Characterization Of Data

Statistical Models

Applications Of Statistical Models

Error Propagation

Optimization Of Counting Experiments

Limits Of Detectability

Distribution Of Time Intervals

General Properties Of Radiation Detectors

Simplified Detector Model

Modes Of Detector Operation

Pulse Height Spectra

Counting Curves And Plateaus

Energy Resolution

Detection Efficiency

Dead Time

Ionization Chambers

The Ionization Process In Gases

Charge Migration And Collection

Design And Operation Of Dc Ion Chambers

Radiation Dose Measurement With Ion Chambers

Applications Of Dc Ion Chambers

Pulse Mode Operation

Proportional Counters

Gas Multiplication

Design Features Of Proportional Counters

Proportional Counter Performance

Detection Efficiency And Counting Curves

Variants Of The Proportional Counter Design

Micropattern Gas Detectors

Geiger-Mueller Counters

The Geiger Discharge

Fill Gases

Quenching

Time Behavior

The Geiger Counting Plateau

Design Features

Counting Efficiency

Time-To-First-Count Method

G-M Survey Meters

Scintillation Detector Principles

Organic Scintillators

Inorganic Scintillators

Light Collection And Scintillator Mounting

Photomultiplier Tubes And Photodiodes

Introduction

The Photocathode

Electron Multiplication

Photomultiplier Tube Characteristics

Ancillary Equipment Required With Photomultiplier Tubes

Photodiodes As Substitutes For Photomultiplier Tubes

Scintillation Pulse Shape Analysis

Hybrid Photomultiplier Tubes

Position-Sensing Photomultiplier Tubes

X. Photoionization Detectors

Radiation Spectroscopy With Scintillators

General Considerations In Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy

Gamma-Ray Interactions

Predicted Response Functions

Properties Of Scintillation Gamma-Ray Spectrometers

Response Of Scintillation Detectors To Neutrons

Electron Spectroscopy With Scintillators

Specialized Detector Configurations Based On Scintillation

Semiconductor Diode Detectors

Semiconductor Properties

The Action Of Ionizing Radiation In Semiconductors

Semiconductors As Radiation Detectors

Semiconductor Detector Configurations

Operational Characteristics

Applications Of Silicon Diode Detectors

Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors

General Considerations

Configurations Of Germanium Detectors

Germanium Detector Operational Characteristics

Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy With Germanium Detectors

Other Solid-State Detectors

Lithium-Drifted Silicon Detectors

Semiconductor Materials Other Than Silicon Or Germanium

Avalanche Detectors

Photoconductive Detectors

Position-Sensitive Semiconductor Detectors

Slow Neutron Detection Methods

Nuclear Reactions Of Interest In Neutron Detection

Detectors Based On The Boron Reaction

Detectors Based On Other Conversion Reactions

Reactor Instrumentation

Fast Neutron Detection And Spectroscopy

Counters Based On Neutron Moderation

Detectors Based On Fast Neutron-Induced Reactions

Detectors That Utilize Fast Neutron Scattering

Pulse Processing

Overview Of Pulse Processing

Device Impedances

Coaxial Cables

Linear And Logic Pulses

Instrument Standards

Summary Of Pulse-Processing Units

Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICS)

Components Common To Many Applications

Pulse Shaping, Counting, And Timing

Pulse Shaping

Pulse Counting Systems

Pulse Height Analysis Systems

Digital Pulse Processing

Systems Involving Pulse Timing

Pulse Shape Discrimination

Multichannel Pulse Analysis

Single-Channel Methods

General Multichannel Characteristics

The Multichannel Analyzer

Spectrum Stabilization And Relocation

Spectrum Analysis

Miscellaneous Detector Types

Cherenkov Detectors

Gas-Filled Detectors In Self-Quenched Streamer Mode

High-Pressure Xenon Spectrometers

Liquid Ionization And Proportional Counters

Cryogenic Detectors

Photographic Emulsions

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters And Image Plates

Track-Etch Detectors

Superheated Drop Or "Bubble Detectors"

X. Neutron Detection By Activation

XI. Detection Methods Based On Integrated Circuit Components

Background And Detector Shielding

Sources Of Background

Background In Gamma-Ray Spectra

Background In Other Detectors

Shielding Materials

Active Methods Of Background Reduction

The NIM, CAMAC, And VME Instrumentation Standards

Derivation Of The Expression For Sample Variance In Chapter 3

Statistical Behavior Of Counting Data For Variable Mean Value

The Shockley-Ramo Theorem For Induced Charge

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