Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography

by Sherer, Mary Alice Statkiewicz; Visconti, Paula J., Ph.d.; Ritenour, E. Russell

• ISBN13: 9780323036009
• ISBN10: 0323036007
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-07
• Publisher: Mosby Inc

Summary

This easy-to-read text offers essential information on radiation protection and the biological effects of ionizing radiation, to ensure its safe medical use. Building from basic to more complex concepts, this book also presents radiation physics, cell structure, effects of radiation on humans at the cellular and systemic levels, regulatory and advisory limits for human exposure to radiation, and the implementation of patient and personnel radiation protection practices. Readability of textmajor concepts are concisely stated, and physics material is very easy to understand. Full-color text and art program enhances and reinforces important elements. Student-friendly features includes objectives, key terms, chapter outlines, review questions, discussion questions, chapter summaries, and a glossary. Hundreds of illustrations, graphs, tables, and boxes convey critical information. Historical perspective provides photos and text on Hiroshoma, Chernobyl, and Three-Mile Island, explaining the effects of low-level ionizing radiation and demonstrating the link between radiation and cancer and other diseases. Timely coverage of radiation protection regulations covers world, federal, and organizational guidelines and regulations for radiation protection. Coverage of guidelines, regulations, and radiation quantities and units includes the most up-to-date information available from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP). New chapter on protection from radioactive materials present in the medical environment, including a discussion of implications for medical personnel of treating victims of a dirty bomb. Implications of direct and computed radiography for overexposure of patients to ionizing radiation. j/Li> Updated discussion about radiation protection for PET/CT and C-arm fluoroscopy. Discussion questions supplement multiple-choice review questions. Improved readability with text sections adding more subheadings.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Radiation Protection	1	(24)
Effective Radiation Protection	2	(1)
Justification and Responsibility for Radiologic Procedures	3	(2)
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) Principle	5	(1)
Patient Protection and Patient Education	5	(3)
Radiation	8	(17)
Interaction of X-Radiation with Matter	25	(20)
Significance of X-Ray Absorption in Biologic Tissue	26	(1)
X-Ray Beam Production and Energy	26	(2)
Attenuation	28	(1)
Probability of Photon Interaction with Matter	29	(1)
Processes of Interaction	29	(16)
Radiation Quantities and Units	45	(18)
Historical Evolution of Radiation Quantities and Units	46	(7)
Radiation Quantities and Their Units of Measure	53	(10)
Overview of Cell Biology	63	(20)
The Cell	64	(1)
Cell Chemical Composition	64	(8)
Cell Structure	72	(3)
Cell Division	75	(8)
Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology	83	(27)
Ionizing Radiation	84	(1)
Radiation Energy Transfer Determinants	84	(4)
Molecular Effects of Irradiation	88	(11)
Cellular Effects of Irradiation	99	(1)
Survival Curves for Mammalian Cells	100	(1)
Cell Radiosensitivity	101	(9)
Radiation Effects on Organ Systems	110	(31)
Radiation Dose-Response Relationship	111	(3)
Somatic and Genetic Damage Factors	114	(1)
Somatic Effects	114	(20)
Genetic Effects	134	(7)
Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation	141	(22)
Basis of Effective Dose Limiting System	143	(1)
Radiation Protection Standards Organizations	143	(3)
U.S. Regulatory Agencies	146	(2)
Radiation Safety Program	148	(1)
Effective Dose Limiting System	149	(1)
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968	149	(1)
ALARA Concept	150	(1)
Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981	151	(1)
Goal for Radiation Protection	151	(1)
Radiation-Induced Responses of Concern in Radiation Protection	151	(2)
Objectives of Radiation Protection	153	(1)
Current Radiation Protection Philosophy	153	(1)
Risk	154	(1)
Basis for the Effective Dose (EfD) Limiting System	154	(1)
Current NCRP Recommendations	155	(2)
Action Limits	157	(1)
Radiation Hormesis	158	(1)
Occupational and Nonoccupational Dose Limits	158	(5)
Protection of the Patient during Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures	163	(60)
Effective Communication	166	(2)
Immobilization	168	(1)
X-Ray Beam Limitation Devices	168	(5)
Filtration	173	(4)
Protective Shielding	177	(4)
Compensating Filters	181	(1)
Technical Exposure Factors	182	(2)
Radiographic Film Processing	184	(1)
Screen-Film Combinations	185	(1)
Radiographic Grids	186	(2)
Air Gap Technique	188	(1)
Repeat Radiographs When Film Serves as the Image Receptor	189	(1)
Unnecessary Radiologic Procedures	189	(1)
Minimal Source-Skin Distance (SSD) for Mobile Radiography	190	(1)
Digital Imaging	191	(3)
Fluoroscopic Procedures	194	(4)
Mobile C-Arm Fluoroscopy	198	(2)
Cinefluorography	200	(1)
Digital Fluoroscopy	201	(1)
High-Level-Control Interventional Procedures	202	(2)
Amount of Radiation Received by Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Imaging Procedures	204	(2)
The Pregnant Patient	206	(5)
Other Diagnostic Exams and Imaging Modalities	211	(3)
Pediatric Considerations	214	(2)
Protecting the Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patient	216	(7)
Protection of Imaging Personnel During Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures	223	(26)
Annual Limit for Occupationally Exposed Personnel	225	(1)
ALARA Concept	226	(1)
Dose Reduction Methods and Techniques	226	(2)
Protection for Pregnant Personnel	228	(1)
Basic Principles of Radiation Protection for Personnel Exposure Reduction	228	(5)
Diagnostic-Type Protective Tube Housing	233	(1)
Protection During Fluoroscopic Procedures	234	(2)
Protection During Mobile Radiographic Examinations	236	(1)
Protection During C-Arm Fluoroscopy	237	(1)
Protection During High-Level-Control Interventional Procedures	238	(1)
Patient Restraint	239	(1)
Doors to X-Ray Rooms	239	(1)
Diagnostic X-Ray Suite Protection Design	239	(10)
Radiation Monitoring	249	(20)
Personnel Monitoring	250	(2)
Personnel Dosimeters	252	(9)
Radiation Survey Instruments for Area Monitoring	261	(4)
Calibration Instruments	265	(4)
Radioisotopes and Radiation Protection	269	(18)
Medical Usage	270	(10)
Radiation Emergencies---The Use of Radiation as a Terrorist Weapon	280	(7)
Bibliography	287	(6)
Appendix A Chance of a 50-KeV Photon Interacting with Atoms of Tissue as It Travels through 5 cm of Soft Tissue	293	(1)
Appendix B Relationships among Photons, Electromagnetic Waves, Wavelength, and Energy	294	(1)
Appendix C Compton Interaction	295	(2)
Appendix D Periodic Table of the Elements	297	(1)
Appendix E Metric System Equivalents for Length	298	(1)
Appendix F Revision of 10 CFR Part 35	299	(1)
Appendix G Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981	300	(5)
Answers to Review Questions	305	(2)
Glossary	307	(26)
Index	333