Radiation Technology for Polymers, Second Edition

by Drobny; Jiri George

• ISBN13: 9781420094046
• ISBN10: 1420094041
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-05-21
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

With a heightened focus on green chemistry and sustainability as well as the development of nanomaterials, this second edition explores emerging applications of radiation technology to polymers. It considers novel uses in the automotive, electronics, and wood-processing industries, as well as various equipment and instrumentation developments in applications such as waterborne coatings and adhesives, film modifications, high-performance coatings, and inkjet technology. Along with new problems and worked solutions, this edition discusses new uses for UV and electron beam irradiation, the response of polymers to irradiation, dosimetry and radiometry, and safety and hygiene.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xvii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xix
Preface to Second Edition	p. xxi
About the Author	p. xxiii
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Concepts	p. 2
References	p. 4
Review of Radiation Science and Technology	p. 5
UV and Visible Radiation	p. 5
Light Emission from Mercury Gas Discharge	p. 6
Light Emission from a Microwave-Excited Discharge	p. 7
Generation of Monochromatic UV Radiation	p. 7
Ionizing Radiation	p. 11
Electron Beam Energy	p. 11
Gamma Rays	p. 15
X-Rays	p. 16
Other Types of Ionizing Radiation	p. 17
Comparison of UV and EB Processes	p. 18
References	p. 19
UV and EB Curing Equipment	p. 21
UV Curing Equipment	p. 21
Lamps	p. 22
Medium-Pressure Lamps	p. 23
Electrodeless Lamps	p. 24
Low-Pressure Mercury Lamps	p. 25
High-Pressure Mercury Lamps	p. 25
Excimer Lamps	p. 26
Xenon Lamps	p. 29
Lamp Housing	p. 29
Power Supply and Controls	p. 33
Power Supply Systems	p. 33
Control Systems	p. 35
Electron Beam Curing Equipment	p. 36
Particle Accelerators	p. 39
Direct Accelerators	p. 40
Indirect Accelerators	p. 44
Low-Energy Electron Accelerators	p. 48
Recent Trends in Development of EB Curing Equipment and Technology	p. 54
References	p. 58
UV Radiation Processes	p. 63
Basic Concepts	p. 63
Photoinitiators and Photosensitizers	p. 65
Free Radical Photoinitiators	p. 66
Type I Photoinitiators	p. 67
Type II Photoinitiators	p. 67
Cationic Photoinitiators	p. 68
Anionic Photoinitiators	p. 68
Oxygen Inhibition of Cure	p. 68
Initiation of UV Hybrid Curing	p. 68
Kinetics of Photoinitiated Reactions	p. 70
Kinetics of Free Radical Photopolymerization	p. 70
Kinetics of Cationic Photopolymerization	p. 72
Chemical Systems in UV Processing	p. 73
Free-Radical-Initiated Systems	p. 74
Acrylate/Methacrylate Systems	p. 74
Styrene/Unsaturated Polyesters	p. 76
Vinyl Ether/Unsaturated Esters	p. 76
Thiol-ene Systems	p. 77
Donor-Acceptor Complexes	p. 77
Cationic Systems	p. 78
Photo-Cross-Linking of Polymers	p. 79
References	p. 80
Electron Beam Processes	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Radiation Cross-Link Promoters	p. 91
Indirect Cross-Link Promoters	p. 91
Halogenated Compounds	p. 91
Nitrous Oxide	p. 91
Sulfur Monochloride	p. 91
Bases	p. 92
Direct Cross-Link Promoters	p. 92
Maleimides	p. 92
Thiols (Polymercaptans)	p. 92
Acrylic and Allylic Compounds	p. 93
Retardants of Radiation Cross-Linking	p. 94
Electron Beam Processing of Plastics	p. 94
PolyoJefins	p. 94
Polyethylene	p. 95
Polypropylene	p. 97
Polystyrene	p. 98
Poly vinylchloride	p. 98
Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates	p. 98
Polyamides	p. 98
Polyesters	p. 99
Fluoroplastics	p. 99
Polytetrafluoroethylene	p. 99
FEP	p. 99
Other Fluoroplastics	p. 99
Electron Beam Processing of Elastomers	p. 100
Physical Properties of Radiation Cross-Linked Elastomers	p. 103
Effects of Radiation on Individual Elastomers	p. 104
Natural Rubber (NR) and Synthetic Polyisoprene	p. 104
Polybutadiene and Its Copolymers	p. 108
Polyisobutylene and Its Copolymers	p. 111
Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers and Terpolymers	p. 112
Polychloroprene	p. 113
Silicone Elastomers	p. 114
Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 114
Fluorosilicone Elastomers	p. 115
Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 116
Electron Beam Processing of liquid Systems	p. 118
Grafting and Other Polymer Modifications	p. 120
Grafting	p. 120
Other Polymer Modifications	p. 123
References	p. 123
Coating Methods Used in UV/EB Technology	p. 133
Roll Coating	p. 133
Direct Roll Coating	p. 133
Reverse Roll Coating	p. 134
Curtain Coating	p. 135
Spray Application	p. 135
Compressed Air Gun Spraying	p. 137
Airless Gun Spraying	p. 137
Dip Coating	p. 137
Flow Coating	p. 137
Spin Coating	p. 137
Rod Coating	p. 138
Vacuum Coating	p. 138
References	p. 139
Applications of UV Radiation	p. 141
UV Curing of Coatings and Paints	p. 143
Functional and Decorative Coatings	p. 143
Coatings on Flat, Rigid Substrates	p. 143
UV Curing of Coatings on Flexible Substrates	p. 144
UV Curing of Lacquers, Varnishes, and Paints	p. 145
Three-Dimensional Curing	p. 146
UV Curing of Coatings and Inks on Cylindrical-Shaped Parts	p. 146
UV Matting of Coatings	p. 146
UV Curing of Adhesives	p. 147
Energy Curable Laminating Adhesives	p. 147
Energy Curable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives	p. 148
Energy Curable Assembly Adhesives	p. 152
UV Cured Silicone Release Coatings	p. 152
Spot Curing	p. 153
UV Curing in Printing and Graphic Arts	p. 156
Screen Printing	p. 157
Flexography	p. 158
Letterpress and Offset Letterpress pry Offset)	p. 160
Lithography	p. 161
Rotogravure Printing	p. 162
Rapid Prototyping	p. 163
UV Powder Coatings	p. 164
The Chemistry of UV Curable Powders	p. 165
Material and Substrate Preparation	p. 166
Powder Coating Application	p. 167
Substrates Suitable for UV Powder Coating	p. 168
Industrial Applications	p. 170
Other Applications for UV Curing	p. 170
Electronics	p. 170
Optical Components and Optoelectronic Applications	p. 171
Optical Fibers	p. 171
Other Optical and Optoelectronic Applications	p. 171
Automotive Applications	p. 172
OEM Applications	p. 172
Automotive Refinish Applications	p. 173
Production of Composites by UV Radiation	p. 174
Dental Applications	p. 174
Other Composite Applications	p. 175
Hydrogels	p. 175
References	p. 176
Applications of Electron Beam Radiation	p. 181
Electron Beam Process in Wire and Cable Technology	p. 181
Equipment and Process	p. 185
Materials	p. 187
Recent Developments and Trends	p. 188
Electron Beam Process in Tire Technology	p. 189
Electron Beam Process in the Manufacture of Polyolefin Foams	p. 193
Foam Expansion and Its Control	p. 194
Manufacturing Processes	p. 194
Comparison of Chemical and Radiation Processes	p. 196
Electron Beam Process in the Production of Heat-Shrinkable Materials	p. 196
Heat-Shrinkable Tubing	p. 197
Heat-Shrinkable Sheets and Films	p. 200
Electron Beam Process in Coatings, Adhesives, Paints, and Printing Inks	p. 202
Magnetic Media	p. 202
Coatings	p. 203
Printing and Graphic Arts	p. 204
Adhesives	p. 205
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs)	p. 205
Laminating Adhesives	p. 206
Polymeric Fiber-Reinforced Composites	p. 207
Hydrogels	p. 208
References	p. 209
Dosimetry and Radiometry	p. 215
EB Dosimetry	p. 215
UV Radiometry	p. 220
Actinometers	p. 221
Radiometers	p. 221
Radiochromic Films	p. 224
References	p. 230
Safety and Hygiene	p. 233
UV Equipment Health and Safety	p. 233
EB Equipment Health and Safety	p. 235
Chemical Hazards	p. 236
References	p. 237
Recent Developments and Trends	p. 239
Current Trends in Equipment and Chemistry	p. 239
UV/EB Equipment	p. 240
Chemistry	p. 240
Emerging Technologies and Applications	p. 241
Composite Processing and Repairs	p. 241
UV Curable Concrete Coatings	p. 242
Wood Finishing	p. 242
Other	p. 244
References	p. 246
Glossary	p. 249
Bibliography	p. 261
Major Equipment Manufacturers	p. 263
Standard Dosimetry Tests	p. 265
Major Suppliers of Raw Materials for UV/EB Curing	p. 267
The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry	p. 269
Index	p. 271
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