Radiative Decay Engineering

by Geddes, Chris D.; Lakowicz, Joseph R.

• ISBN13: 9780387226620
• ISBN10: 0387226621
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

During recent years our enthusiasm for Radiative Decay Engineering (RDE) has continually increased. Many of the early predictions have been confirmed experimentally. We see numerous applications for RDE in biotechnology, clinical assays and analytical chemistry. While implementation of RDE is relatively simple, understanding the principles of RDE is difficult. The concepts are widely distributed in the optics and chemical physics literature, often described in terms difficult to understand by biophysical scientists. RDE includes chapters from the experts who have studied metal particle optics and fluorophore-metal interactions. This collection describes the fundamental principles for the widespread use of radiative decay engineering in the biological sciences and nanotechnology.

Author Biography

Chris D. Geddes Ph.D., is an assistant professor, and Director of the Institute of Fluorescence, at the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Medical Biotechnology Center, in Baltimore. He has a B.Sc. from Lancaster University in England and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry (fluorescence spectroscopy) from the University of Wales Swansea. He is the editor of the Journal of Fluorescence, Who's Who in Fluorescence, and Annual Reviews in Fluorescence. He is also executive director of the Society of Fluorescence. Dr Geddes has published numerous papers, review articles and book chapters etc, on the Principles and Applications of Fluorescence.Dr. Joseph R. Lakowicz is Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and Director of the Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Dr. Lakowicz has published over 400 scientific articles, has edited numerous books, holds 16 issued patents, and is the sole author of the widely used text, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, also published by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, now in its 2nd Edition.

Table of Contents

Preparation of Noble Metal Colloids and Selected Structures
Isabel Pastoriza-Santos
Jorge Perez-Juste
Luis M. Liz-Marzan
Introduction	1	(1)
Preparation of Noble Metal Colloids	2	(11)
Spherical Nanoparticles in Water	2	(1)
Citrate Reduction	2	(1)
Borohydride Reduction	3	(1)
γ-Radiolysis	4	(1)
Growth on Preformed Nanoparticles	5	(1)
Growth of Silica Shells on Metal Nanoparticles	5	(1)
Spherical Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents	6	(1)
Two-Phase Reduction	6	(1)
Reduction by the Solvent	6	(1)
Reduction within Microemulsions	7	(1)
Nanorods and Nanoprisms in Water	8	(1)
Synthesis of Nanorods within Porous Membranes	8	(1)
Nanorods from Wet Synthesis in Solution	8	(2)
Synthesis of Nanoprisms in Water	10	(1)
Nanorods and Nanoprisms in Organic Solvents	11	(1)
Reduction within Microemulsions	11	(1)
Reduction by the Solvent	11	(1)
Shape Control Using DMF	11	(2)
Metal Colloid Structures through Layer-by-Layer Assembly	13	(4)
Layer-by-Layer Assembly	13	(1)
Assembly of Au@SiO2	13	(2)
Assembly of Au Nanoprisms	15	(2)
Conclusions	17	(1)
Acknowledgements	17	(1)
References	17	(8)
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy: Alternative Modes of Use for NSOM Probes
David S. Moore-Nichols
Robert C. Dunn
Introduction	25	(2)
Scanning Near-Field Fret Microscopy	27	(4)
Nanometric Biosensors and Bioprobes	31	(3)
Applied Voltage Combined with NSOM for Structure/Dynamic Measurements	34	(2)
Interferometric NSOM Measurements	36	(4)
Fluorescence, Topography and Compliance Measurements Using Tapping-Mode NSOM	40	(3)
Conclusions	43	(1)
Acknowledgments	44	(1)
References	44	(3)
Nanoparticles with Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances: Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Christy L. Haynes
Amanda J. Haes
Adam D. McFarland
Richard P. Van Duyne
Introduction	47	(12)
General Overview	47	(1)
Fabrication of Nanostructures with Tunable Optical Properties	48	(4)
Fundamental Studies of Tunable Optical Properties	52	(1)
Defining the Fundamental Characteristics of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance	52	(1)
Controlling the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance	53	(2)
Implications for Related Phenomena	55	(2)
Applications of Tunable Optical Properties	57	(2)
Goals and Organizations	59	(1)
Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance	59	(16)
Introduction to Colloidal Nanoparticles	59	(1)
Colloidal Nanoparticle Experimental Section	60	(1)
Fabrication of Surfactant-Modified Silver Nanoparticles	60	(1)
Fabrication of Core-Shell Nanoparticles	60	(1)
Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization	61	(1)
Structural and Optical Properties of Colloidal Nanoparticles	61	(3)
Study of Electromagnetic Coupling Using Electron Beam Lithography Substrates	64	(2)
Experimental Methods	66	(1)
Sample Fabrication	66	(1)
Optical Characterization of Nanoparticle Arrays	67	(1)
Structural Characterization of Nanoparticle Arrays	68	(1)
Optical Properties of Electron Beam Lithography-Fabricated Nanoparticle Arrays	69	(1)
Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Using Nanosphere Lithography	70	(1)
Effect of Nanoparticle Material on the LSPR	70	(1)
Effect of Nanoparticle size on the Ag LSPR	70	(1)
Effect of Nanoparticle Shape on the Ag LSPR	71	(2)
Effect of the External Dielectric Medium on the Ag LSPR	73	(1)
Effect of Thin Film Dielectric Overlayers on the LSPR	74	(1)
Effect of the Substrate Dielectric Constant on the LSPR	75	(1)
Recent Applications of the Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance	75	(17)
Sensing with Nanoparticle Arrays	75	(1)
Experimental Procedure	76	(1)
Effect of the Alkanethiol Chain Length on the LSPR	76	(2)
Streptavidin Sensing Using LSPR Spectroscopy	78	(2)
Anti-Biotin Sensing Using LSPR Spectroscopy	80	(1)
Monitoring the Specific Binding of Streptavidin to Biotin and Anti-Biotin to Biotin and the LSPR Response as a Function of Analyte Concentration	80	(2)
Sensing with Single Nanoparticles	82	(2)
Experimental Procedure	84	(1)
Single Nanoparticle Refractive Index Sensitivity	84	(1)
Single Nanoparticle Response to Adsorbates	85	(1)
Plasmon-Sampled Surface-Enhanced Raman Excitation Spectroscopy	86	(1)
Experimental Procedure	87	(2)
Varying the Excitation Wavelength in PS-SERES	89	(1)
Varying the Molecular Adsorbate in PS-SERES	89	(3)
Conclusions	92	(1)
Acknowledgements	93	(1)
References	93	(8)
Colloid Surface Chemistry
Arnim Henglein
Introduction	101	(1)
Radiolytic Methods	101	(2)
Silver Colloid Preparation	103	(2)
Pulsed Particle Formation	105	(1)
Redox Potential and Particle Size	106	(3)
Polymer Stabilized Clusters	109	(1)
Electron Donation and Positive Hole Injection	109	(2)
Photoelectron Emission	111	(3)
Nano-Electrochemistry	114	(1)
Bimetallic Particles	115	(7)
Fermi Level Equilibration in Mixed Colloids	122	(2)
Adsorption of Electrophiles	124	(2)
Adsorption of Nucleophiles	126	(4)
Competitive Adsorption and Displacement Processes	130	(1)
Final Remarks	131	(1)
References	131	(4)
Bioanalytical Sensing Using Noble Meal Colloids
C. Mayer
Th. Schalkhammer
Bio-Nanotechnology	135	(6)
Metal Colloids	136	(4)
Metal Colloid Devices	140	(1)
Nano-Cluster Based Technology	141	(25)
Properties	141	(3)
Metal Colloids and Quantum Dots	144	(1)
Techniques to Prepare Noble Metal Colloids	145	(6)
Nano-Switches	151	(3)
Cluster-Cluster Aggregates	154	(2)
Coating Clusters with Biomolecules	156	(2)
AFM	158	(3)
Immune Colloidal Techniques	161	(1)
Binding and Assembly of Functionalized Colloids	161	(2)
Bio-Templating	163	(2)
Colloidal Particles and Electrodes	165	(1)
SPR-Transduction	165	(1)
Electroluminescence	166	(1)
Nano-Cluster and Field Effects	166	(27)
Surface Enhanced Optical Absorption (SEA)	166	(1)
Physical Principles	166	(2)
Applications	168	(1)
Distance Layer and Colloid Layers	169	(2)
SEA-Biochips	171	(1)
The SEA Chip	171	(1)
Applications and General Requirements	171	(1)
Setup	172	(3)
Example and Results	175	(1)
Nano-Distance Transduction via SEA Biochips	176	(1)
How It Works	176	(1)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone as Distance Layer	177	(1)
Proteins as Distance Layer	177	(1)
Spin-Coating of DNA	178	(1)
Setup of a MICORIS Chip	179	(1)
Resonance Enhanced Fluorescence (REF)	180	(1)
Physical Principles	180	(2)
Applications	182	(2)
REF in Microtiter-Plates	184	(1)
Cluster-Layer Enhanced Fluorescence DNA Chip Setup	184	(1)
Clusters Layer Fabrication Methods	185	(1)
Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA)	186	(1)
Scattered Evanescent Waves (SEW)	187	(1)
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)	188	(2)
Cluster-Quenched Fluorescence	190	(2)
Cluster-Emission Devices (CED)	192	(1)
Acknowledgements	193	(1)
References	193	(4)
Theory of Fluorophore-Metallic Surface Interactions
Joel I. Gersten
Introduction	197	(2)
Theory	199	(17)
Appendix A	216	(4)
References	220	(3)
Surface-Enhancement of Fluorescence Near Noble Metal Nanostructures
Paul J.G. Goulet
Ricardo F. Aroca
Introduction	223	(2)
Electromagnetic Enhancement	225	(4)
Enhanced Absorption	229	(1)
Radiationless Energy Transfer and Distance Dependence	230	(3)
Coverage Dependence	233	(1)
Temperature Dependence	234	(1)
Quantum Efficiency and Enhancement	235	(1)
Enhancing Substrates	236	(3)
SEF of Langmuir-Blodgett Films	239	(4)
Summary and Outlook	243	(1)
Acknowledgements	244	(1)
References	244	(5)
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Measurements of Fluorophores Close to Metal Nanoparticles
Thomas A. Klar
Eric Dulkeith
Jochen Feldman
Introduction	249	(1)
Nanoparticle Plasmons	250	(2)
Fluorescence Decay Rates of Fluorophores in the Vicinity of Metal Structures	252	(5)
Theory	252	(3)
Time Resolved Spectroscopy	255	(2)
Time Resolved Spectroscopy of Fluorophores Bound to Metal Nanoparticles	257	(9)
Biophysical Applications	266	(3)
Acknowledgements	269	(1)
References	269	(6)
Copper Coated Self-Assembled Monolayers: Alkanethiols and Prospective Molecular Wires
Paula E. Colavita
Paul Miney
Lindsay Taylor
Michael Doescher
Annabelle Molliet
John Reddic
Jing Zhou
Darren Pearson
Donna Chen
Michael L. Myrick
Introduction	275	(3)
Copper Overlayers on Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers	278	(15)
General Factors Affecting the Behavior of Metals Deposited onto Self-Assembled Monolayers	278	(2)
RAIRS Spectra of Alkanethiol SAMs in the C-H Stretching Region	280	(3)
Copper on Dodecanethiol and Octadecanethiol [30]	283	(10)
Copper on Conjugated Oligomers	293	(7)
Acknowledgments	300	(1)
References	300	(5)
Principles and Applications of Surface-Plasmon Field-Enhanced Fluorescence Techniques
Wolfgang Knoll
Fang Yu
Thomas Neumann
Lifang Niu
Evelyne L. Schmid
Introduction	305	(2)
Surface Plasmons as Interfacial Light	307	(6)
Chromophores Near Metal Surfaces	313	(3)
Recording Fluorescence from Chromophores Excited by Surface Plasmon Waves	316	(5)
Surface Hybridization Studies	321	(5)
Protein Binding Studies---the Limit of Detection in SPFS	326	(3)
Surface Plasmon Fluorescence Microscopy	329	(1)
Conclusions	329	(2)
Acknowledgements	331	(1)
References	331	(2)
Optically Detectable Colloidal Metal Labels: Properties, Methods, and Biomedical Applications
Steven J. Oldenburg
David A. Schultz
Introduction	333	(1)
Plasmon Resonance	334	(6)
Experimental and Theoretical Considerations	334	(3)
Particle Fabrication	337	(1)
Spherical Particles	337	(1)
Anisotropic, Elliptical or Rod Shaped Particles	338	(1)
Core: Shell Particles	339	(1)
Particle Characterization	339	(1)
Particle Surface Modification to Produce Biological Labels	340	(1)
Particle Surface Modification	340	(1)
Dark Field Optical Microscope Designs for Plasmon Resonant Particle (PRP) Detection	341	(4)
Microscope Configuration	341	(2)
Illumination Light Sources	343	(1)
Apparatus for Individual Plasmon Resonant Particle Spectral Determination	344	(1)
Single Particle Counting	344	(1)
Biological Applications	345	(4)
Individual PRP Detection and Counting in a Protein or DNA Microarray Format	346	(2)
Individual PRP Detection of Immuno-Labeled Tissue	348	(1)
Plasmon Resonant Particles and Other Nanoparticles as Labels for Biomedical Applications	349	(1)
References	349	(4)
Noble Metal Nanoparticle Biosensors
Nidhi Nath
Ashutosh Chilkoti
Introduction	353	(2)
Noble Metal Nanoparticle	355	(5)
Optical Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles	355	(2)
Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Historical Perspective	357	(3)
Nanoparticle SPR Biosensor	360	(16)
Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis	361	(1)
Self-Assembly of Noble Metal Nanoparticles on Substrate	362	(3)
Optical Properties of self-Assembled Gold Nanoparticle on Glass	365	(1)
Refractive Index Response of Metal Nanoparticles	365	(3)
Spatial Sensitivity of Immobilized Gold Nanoparticles on Glass	368	(2)
Biosensing Using Noble Metal Nanoparticles	370	(1)
Receptor Presentation	371	(2)
Biomolecular Binding	373	(3)
Future Directions	376	(1)
Acknowledgements	376	(1)
References	377	(4)
Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission: A New Method for Sensitive Fluorescence Detection
Ignacy Gryczynski
Joanna Malicka
Zygmunt Gryczynski
Joseph R. Lalowicz
Introduction	381	(1)
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis	381	(5)
Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission	386	(15)
Properties of SPCE with Reverse Kretschmann Excitation	386	(8)
Properties of SPCE with Kretschmann Excitation	394	(2)
Background Rejection with SPCE	396	(2)
DNA Hybridization Using SPCE	398	(3)
Discussion	401	(1)
Acknowledgment	401	(1)
References	401	(4)
Radiative Decay Engineering (RDE)
Chris D. Geddes
Kadir Aslan
Ignacy Gryczynski
Joanna Malicka
Joseph R. Lakowicz
Introduction	405	(6)
Enhanced Emission from Low and High Quantum Yield Species Using Silver Island Films (SiFs)	411	(4)
Enhanced Intrinsic Fluorescence Using SiFs	415	(2)
Distance Dependence of Enhanced Fluorescence Using SiFs	417	(2)
Release of Self-Quenching Using SiFs	419	(3)
Other Metal-Nanostructures for MEF Using Indocyanine Green (ICG)	422	(23)
Silver Island Films (SiFs)	424	(1)
Immobilized Silver Colloids	425	(1)
Photo-Deposition of Silver onto Glass	426	(8)
Electoplating of Silver on Substrates	434	(1)
Roughened Silver Electrodes	435	(4)
Silver Fractal-like Structures on Glass	439	(4)
Silver Nanorods	443	(2)
Closing Remarks	445	(1)
Acknowledgments	446	(1)
References	446