Radical-Mediated Protein Oxidation From Chemistry to Medicine

by Davies, Michael J.; Dean, Roger T.

• ISBN13: 9780198500971
• ISBN10: 0198500971
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-01-08
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Radicals--short lived, reactive molecules--are thought to play a major role in many oxidative processes within cells and to have implications in several human diseases, carcinogenesis, and aging. This unique and comprehensive volume brings together up-to-date information on the oxidation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins by free radicals and discusses the roles of such processes in biological systems. Topics include: the chemistry of amino acid and protein oxidation; the biochemical consequences of these reactions; the role of protein oxidation in normal physiology; the potential importance of protein oxidation in human health, including aging, heart disease, cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases; and the possible prevention of disease processes by antioxidants and other protective strategies. Drawing on the latest research across a range of disciplines, this book will be important reading for researchers and graduate and postdoctoral students in the fields of radical biochemistry, physiology, and pathology.

Table of Contents

1 A historical survey of the study of radical-mediated protein oxidation	1	(24)
1.1 Early developments in the field and implications for current research	1	(18)
1.2 The influence of technical advance on biochemical understanding of protein oxidation	19	(6)
2 Formation and chemistry of radicals involved in amino acid, peptide, and protein oxidation	25	(96)
2.1 Detection and identification of radical species and their reaction products	30	(2)
2.2 Reactivity and reactions of individual radical species	32	(18)
2.2.1 Hydroxyl radicals	32	(1)
2.2.2 Hydrogen atoms	33	(1)
2.2.3 Solvated electrons	33	(1)
2.2.4 Superoxide radicals	34	(2)
2.2.5 Carbon-centred radicals	36	(1)
2.2.6 Peroxyl radicals	37	(3)
2.2.7 Alkoxyl radicals	40	(1)
2.2.8 Thiyl radicals	41	(1)
2.2.9 Nitrogen-centred radicals	41	(2)
2.2.10 Other inorganic radicals	43	(3)
2.2.11 Singlet oxygen	46	(1)
2.2.12 Other excited state species	47	(1)
2.2.13 Hypochlorite and chloramines/chloramides	48	(1)
2.2.14 Mixed oxidation systems	49	(1)
General observations	49	(1)
Lipid peroxidation systems	49	(1)
Autoxidation of sugars	50	(1)
2.3 Sites of attack of radicals on amino acids, peptides and proteins	50	(53)
2.3.1 Free amino acids	51	(26)
Glycine	51	(2)
Amino acids with aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains	53	(7)
Amino acids with aliphatic heteroatom-containing side chains	60	(3)
Amino acids with aromatic side chains	63	(10)
Sulfur-containing amino acids	73	(4)
2.3.2 Peptides and proteins	77	(26)
Backbone chemistry	77	(11)
Side chain chemistry	88	(1)
Transfer between sites: backbone to backbone	88	(1)
Transfer between sites: backbone to side-chain and vice versa	89	(6)
Transfer between side chain sites	95	(6)
Transfer reactions involving high-oxidation-state prosthetic groups within haem proteins and related reactions	101	(2)
2.4 Random versus site-specific damage in proteins and peptides	103	(7)
2.4.1 As a result of random radical generation	103	(2)
2.4.2 As a result of selective radical attack	105	(1)
2.4.3 As a result of metal-ion binding	106	(3)
2.4.4 As a result of lipid oxidation	109	(1)
2.4.5 As a result of sugar autoxidation	110	(1)
2.5 Secondary modification reactions	110	(7)
2.5.1 Modification of proteins by other biological components	110	(1)
2.5.2 Modification of other biological molecules by protein oxidation products	111	(6)
2.6 Prevention of protein oxidation and antioxidants	117	(4)
3 The biochemistry of protein oxidation in cells and cell-free systems	121	(57)
3.1 Functional inactivation of proteins by radicals: reversible and irreversible mechanisms	121	(10)
3.2 Protein unfolding after radical attack	131	(3)
3.3 Protein fragmentation and polymerization	134	(8)
3.4 Protein oxidation and antioxidation in soluble, membrane-bound, and lipoproteins	142	(18)
3.4.1 Protein oxidation in solution, in membranes, and in lipoproteins	142	(6)
3.4.2 Protein oxidation as a component of multi-enzyme-system or organelle inactivation	148	(8)
3.4.3 Mechanisms to restrict protein oxidation	156	(3)
3.4.4 Detoxification of oxidized proteins	159	(1)
3.5 Cellular metabolism of oxidized proteins: proteolytic removal	160	(15)
3.5.1 Proteolytic susceptibility of oxidized proteins to isolated proteinases or lysate cell-free systems	161	(2)
3.5.2 Proteolysis of oxidized proteins in living cells	163	(12)
Bacteria	166	(1)
Erythrocytes	166	(2)
Nucleated mammalian cells: proteolysis of oxidized proteins after endocytosis	168	(2)
Proteolysis of intracellular oxidized proteins in intact nucleated cells, or their isolated, functional mitochondria and chloroplasts	170	(4)
Reutilization of oxidized amino acids	174	(1)
3.6 Oxidized proteins as control and trigger mechanisms in cell growth and programmed cell death	175	(3)
4 The physiology of protein oxidation	178	(25)
4.1 Criteria of involvement of protein oxidation in physiological processes	178	(5)
4.2 Criteria for defining protein oxidation routes responsible for in vivo protein oxidation	183	(1)
4.3 Oxidized amino acids in physiological conditions	184	(14)
4.3.1 Adhesive proteins, melanins, and lignins	184	(1)
4.3.2 Some radical-mediated control mechanisms involving enzymes or other proteins	185	(13)
4.4 Protein oxidation, cell damage, and defensive cytolysis	198	(2)
4.5 Intracellular and extracellular accumulation or storage of oxidized proteins: comparison between stable and reactive products of protein oxidation	200	(3)
5 The pathology of protein oxidation	203	(35)
5.1 Toxic and lytic damage to host cells: roles of oxidized proteins	203	(4)
5.2 Inflammatory generation of oxidized proteins in the host	207	(3)
5.3 Transfer of damage from proteins to other targets	210	(8)
5.3.1 Protein oxidation causing malfunction of protein systems: cardiac arrhythmias and ischemia/reperfusion	211	(5)
5.3.2 Protein oxidation causing malfunction of gene expression or mutation: cancer, p53	216	(2)
5.4 Oxidized proteins during ageing	218	(9)
5.4.1 Protein oxidation and ageing in Drosophila	224	(3)
5.4.2 Protein oxidation in ageing: conclusions	227	(1)
5.5 Oxidized proteins during age-related diseases: diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases	227	(11)
6 Future directions in the study of protein oxidation	238	(8)
6.1 Some key issues in the study of the chemistry of protein oxidation	238	(1)
6.2 Consequences of protein oxidation for molecular function	239	(1)
6.3 Research issues concerning the influence of protein oxidation on cellular functions	240	(1)
6.4 Is protein oxidation important to the organism?	241	(1)
6.5 Is it possible to achieve selective inhibition of protein oxidation?	242	(2)
6.6 Selective prevention of intermolecular reaction of radicals and other products of protein oxidation?	244	(1)
6.7 Does retardation of age-related disease require inhibition of protein oxidation, and/or removal of oxidized proteins?	245	(1)
References	246	(185)
Index	431