Summary

Low-dimensional systems are a very active area of research (carbon nanotubes, quantum wells, silicon nanowires) and Raman spectroscopy can be applied in many parts of this field. This book will be a useful contribution to an active area of physics research, and will describe the basic knowledge on three-dimensional (traditional) Raman spectroscopy and then discuss the main features of low-dimensional Raman spectroscopy. Contents: Part I: Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY CHAPTER 2 - FUNDAMENTAL THEORY OF LIGHT SCATTERING CHAPTER 3 - EXPERIMENTAL BASES OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY CHAPTER 4 - SHORT Introduction to Modern Raman spectroscopy CHAPTER 5 - APPLICATIONS OF MODERN RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Part II: Study on Nanostructures by Raman Spectrosopy CHAPTER 6 - GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF NANOSTRUCTURES CHAPTER 7 - THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF RAMAN SCATTERING IN SOLIDS CHAPTER 8 - THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF RAMAN SCATTERING IN NANOSTRUCTURES CHAPTER 9 - ROUTINE RAMAN SPECTRA OF NANOSTRUCTURES CHAPTER 10 - RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF NANOSTRUCTURES WITH EXCITING LASER FEATURES CHAPTER 11 - RAMAN SPECTRA WITH SAMPLE SIZES, SHAPES, COMPONENTS AND MICRO-STRUCTURES IN NANOSTRUCTURES CHAPTER 12 - ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTIONS IN RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF NANOSTRUCTURES Appendix I Lasers and laser lines Appendix II Standard spectral lines Appendix III Raman Tensors Appendix IV Brillouin zoon, vibration mode and its Raman spectrum of typical crystals and semiconductors Appendix V Physical parameters, constants and units

Author Biography

Professor Shu-Lin Zhang, Professor of School of Physics, Peking University.
Academic Experience: 1964-date: Joined the Department of Physics of Peking University, in where he has been engaged in fundamental research for 40 years. Since 1980 he has been interested in the research of Raman spectroscopy. 1986: The Visiting Associate Professor in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. 2003: The Lecturer Scholar of Nobel Laureate C. N. Yang at theChineseUniversity ofHong Kong in 2003.
Professional Activities and Awards: 1995-2001: Director of the Committee on Light Scattering of Chinese Physical Society(CPS); 1995-2003: Councilor of CPS; 2000-: ex officio member the International Steering Committee (ISC) of the International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS); 2002-2004: Chair of ISC of (ICORS); 2002-Now: International Advisor of the Committee on Light Scattering of CPS; 2004: Research work "Raman spectral research of several low-dimensional materials" was awarded the second class of the China National Award on Nature Science.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy	p. 1
Basic Knowledge of Raman Spectroscopy	p. 3
Spectrum and Spectroscopy	p. 3
Scattering and Raman Scattering	p. 5
Fundamental Features of Raman Scattering Spectra	p. 9
Discovery of the Raman Scattering Effects and Observation of the First Raman Spectrum	p. 10
Historical Development of Raman Spectroscopy	p. 13
References	p. 16
Fundamental Theory of Light Scattering	p. 19
Description of Scattering	p. 20
Macroscopic Theory of Light Scattering	p. 26
Microscopic Theory of Light Scattering	p. 39
References	p. 45
Experimental Foundation of Raman Spectroscopy	p. 47
Generality of Raman Spectral Measurements	p. 47
Experimental Apparatus	p. 56
Main Performance Parameters of Raman Spectrometers	p. 79
Experimental Measurements	p. 83
Data Processing of Recorded Raman Spectra	p. 88
A Typical Example of Vibration Raman Spectra - Raman Spectrum of CCl4	p. 94
Interference Spectrometer and Fourier Transform Optics	p. 97
References 104	p. 4
Introduction to Modern Raman Spectroscopy I-New Raman Spectroscopic Branch Classified Based on Spectral Features	p. 105
Non-visible Excited Raman Spectroscopy	p. 106
Resonant Raman Spectroscopy (RRS)	p. 106
High-Order/Multiple-Phonon Raman Spectroscopy (MPRS)	p. 110
Raman Spectroscopy under Extreme Conditions	p. 114
Polarized Raman Spectroscopy (PRS)	p. 115
Time-Resolved (Transient) Raman Spectroscopy (TRRS)	p. 116
Space-Resolved Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Microscopy	p. 118
Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)	p. 119
Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy (NFRS)	p. 121
Tip-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)	p. 130
Non-linear and Coherent Raman Spectroscopy (NLRS)	p. 136
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)	p. 138
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)	p. 145
References 150	p. 5
Introduction to Modern Raman Spectroscopy II-New Raman Spectroscopic Branch Classified Based on Applied Objects	p. 153
Common Spectroscopic Basis Related to the Study and Application of Raman Spectroscopy	p. 153
Chemistry Raman Spectroscopy	p. 158
Condensed Matter Raman Spectroscopy	p. 160
Biological and Medical Raman Spectroscopy	p. 166
Geology and Mineralogy Raman Spectroscopy	p. 175
Art and Archeology Raman Spectroscopy	p. 177
Industry Raman Spectroscopy	p. 178
Raman Spectroscopy in National Security and Judicature	p. 181
References	p. 182
Study of Nanostructures by Raman Spectroscopy	p. 185
General Knowledge of Nanostructures	p. 187
Nanostructure, Characteristic Length, and Dimension	p. 187
Nanomaterials	p. 188
Properties of Nanostructures	p. 190
Finite Size and Specific Surface	p. 192
The Study of Nanostructure	p. 196
References	p. 197
Theoretical Fundamentals of Raman Scattering in Solids	p. 199
General Knowledge of Lattice Dynamics	p. 200
Microscopic Model of Lattice Dynamics	p. 213
Macroscopic Model of Lattice Dynamics	p. 222
Lattice Dynamics of Amorphous Matter	p. 229
Raman Scattering Theories in Solids	p. 230
References	p. 246
Theoretical Fundamentals of Raman Scattering in Nanostructures	p. 249
Superlattices	p. 250
Nanostructure Materials	p. 264
Micro-Crystal Models	p. 283
Amorphous Feature and PDOS Expression of Nanostructure Raman Spectra	p. 296
First-Principles/ab initio Calculation of Nanostructure Raman Spectra	p. 298
References	p. 306
Routine Raman Spectra of Nanostructures	p. 309
Characteristic Raman Spectra of Semiconductor Superlattices	p. 310
Characteristic Raman Spectra of Nanosilicon	p. 318
Characteristic Raman Spectra of Nanocarbons	p. 325
Characteristic Raman Spectra of Polar Nano-Semiconductors	p. 337
Multiple-Phonon Raman Spectra	p. 343
Anti-Stokes Raman Spectra	p. 352
References	p. 357
Raman Spectroscopy of Nanostructures with Exciting Laser Features	p. 361
Raman Spectra with Changing of Exciting Light Wavelengths - Resonant Raman Spectra	p. 361
Raman Spectra with Exciting Laser Polarization	p. 373
Raman Spectra with Exciting Laser Intensity	p. 378
References	p. 392
Raman Spectra with Samples of Nanostructures	p. 395
Effects of Sample Sizes on Raman Spectra of Nanostructures	p. 395
Effects of Sample Shapes on Raman Spectra in Nanostructures	p. 409
Effects of Sample Component and Micro-structure on Raman Spectra in Nanostructures	p. 413
References	p. 417
Electron-Phonon Interactions in Raman Spectroscopy of Nanostructures	p. 419
Abnormal Raman Spectral Features in Nanostructures	p. 419
Origin of No FSE on Phonons	p. 420
Fr€ohlich Interaction in Nanostructures	p. 423
Theoretical Raman Spectra of Non-polar and Polar Nano-Semiconductors	p. 424
Amorphous Feature of Nanocrystal Raman Spectra of No FSE on Phonons and the Breaking of Translation Symmetry in Nano-Semiconductors	p. 426
References	p. 428
Appendices	p. 429
Electromagnetic Waves and Lasers	p. 429
Electromagnetic Wavelength	p. 429
Laser Types	p. 430
Laser Lines and Ionic/Atomic Lines of Gas Lasers used Commonly in Raman Spectroscopy	p. 432
Standard Spectral Lines	p. 438
Spectral Lines of Mercury Lamp in Visible Range	p. 438
Standard Lines of Neon Spectral Lamp	p. 439
Raman Tensors	p. 442
Raman Tensors and Symmetric Attributes	p. 442
Applications of Raman Tensors	p. 447
Constitution, Polarity, and Symmetry Structure of Crystals	p. 452
Constitution, Polarity, and Crystal Structure of Crystals	p. 452
Syngony and its Basic Vector, Bravais Lattice, and Point Group Symmetry	p. 455
Brillouin Zones, Vibration Modes, and Raman Spectra of Typical Ordinary and Semiconducting Crystals	p. 458
Brillouin Zones and Symmetrical Points of Cubic System	p. 458
Vibrational Modes and their Symmetries of Several Crystals	p. 460
Structures, Symmetries, and Raman Spectra of Several Semiconducting Crystals	p. 461
Physical Parameters, Constants, and Units	p. 466
Periodic Table of the Elements	p. 466
Electronic Structure of Atoms	p. 467
Common Physical Constant and the Performance Parameters of Optical Glass	p. 470
References	p. 472
Index	p. 473
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