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Summary
Read, Reason, Write unites instruction in critical reading and analysis, argument, and research strategies with a rich collection of readings that provide both practice for these skills and new ideas and insights for readers. Through all of its years, this text has been committed to showing students how reading, analytic, argumentative, and research skills are interrelated and how these skills combine to develop each student's critical thinking ability.
Table of Contents
CONTENTS
Preface
SECTION 1 CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSIS
Chapter 1 WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES
Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument
Responses to Sources
Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address”
The Response to Content
The Analytic Response
The Judgment or Evaluation Response
The Research Response
Deborah Tannen, “Who Does the Talking Here?”
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Guidelines for Active Reading
Richard Morin, “Political Ads and the Voters They Attract”
Understanding Your Sources
Writing Summaries
Guidelines for Writing Summaries
Acknowledging Sources Informally
References to People
References to Sources
Joel Achenbach, “The Future Is Now”
Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style
Reasons for Using Quotation Marks
A Brief Guide to Quoting
For Reading and Analysis
Anna Quindlen, "Turning the Page"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 2 RESPONDING CRITICALLY TO SOURCES
Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker
Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source
Who is the Author?
What type of source—or genre—is it?
What Is the Author’s Primary Purpose?
What Are the Author’s Sources of Information?
Analyzing the Style of a Source
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Tone
Sentence Structure
Metaphors
Organization and Examples
Repetition
Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters
Dave Barry, “In a Battle of Wits with Kitchen Appliances, I'm Toast”
Writing about Style
Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
Planning the Essay
Drafting the Style Analysis
A Checklist for Revision
Ellen Goodman, “In Praise of a Snail’s Pace”
Student Essay (on Goodman’s essay)
Analyzing Two or More Sources
Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay
The Miami Herald, "Juan Williams Fired for Comments"
Patrik Jonsson, "Juan Williams Fired: Pitfalls of the Insta-opinion Age"
For Reading and Analysis
Firoozeh Dumas, "The F Word"
Catherine Getches, "Husband Hal"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
SECTION 2 THE WORLD OF ARGUMENT
Chapter 3 UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENT
Characteristics of Argument
Argument Is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Debates an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes a Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle
Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker)
Logos (About the Logic of the Argument)
Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience)
Karios (About the Occasion or Situation)
The Language of Argument
Facts
Inferences
Judgments
Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, “Your Brain Lies to You”
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin
Claims
Grounds (or Data or Evidence)
Warrants
Backing
Qualifiers
Rebuttals
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
Les Schobert, “Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go”
Using Toulmin’s Terms as a Guide to Organizing Arguments
For Debate
T. R. Reid, “Let My Teenager Drink”
Joseph A. Califano, Jr., ‘Don’t Make Teen Drinking
Easier”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 4 WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Address My Audience?
Understand Your Writing Purpose
What Type (Genre) of Work Am I Preparing?
What Is My Goal?
Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Planning the Approach
Draft Your Argument
Guidelines for Drafting
Revise Your Draft
Rewriting
Editing
A Few Words about Words and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Steven Pearlstein, "Understanding the Costs of Rising Inequality"
E.J. Dionne Jr., "Political Stupidity, U.S. Style"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 5 READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND
STATISTICS IN ARGUMENT
Responding to Visual Arguments
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Guidelines for Reading Graphics
Exercises
The Use of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Sources
Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
Exercises
Writing the Investigative Argument
Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
Planning and Drafting the Essay
Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument
Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument
Preparing Graphics for Your Essay
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: “Buying Time” by Garrett Berger
For Reading and Analysis
Joe Navarro, “Every Body’s Talking: Nonverbals Speak
Loudly”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 6 LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION,
DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL
FALLACIES
Induction
Deduction
“The Declaration of Independence”
Analogy
Zbigniew Brzezinski, “War and Football”
Logical Fallacies
Causes of Illogic
Fallacies of Oversimplifying (Problems with Logos)
Fallacies of Avoiding the Issue (Problems with Ethos or
Pathos)
For Analysis
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments”
Neil de Grasse Tyson, "Things People Say"
SECTION 3 STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENRE
Chapter 7 DEFINITION ARGUMENTS
Defining as Part of an Argument
When Defining Is the Argument
Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition
Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments
Preparing a Definition Argument
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: “Laura Mullins, “Paragon or Parasite?”
For Analysis and Debate
Susan Jacoby, “Best Is the New Worst”
Robin Givhan, “Glamour, That Certain Something”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 8 EVALUATION ARGUMENTS
Types of Evaluation Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument
Preparing an Evaluation Argument
A Checklist for Revision
Student Review: Ian Habel, “Winchester’s Alchemy: Two
Men and a Book”
Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay
Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation
Annotated Refutation: David Sadker, “Gender Games”
For Analysis and Debate
Robert H. Bork, “Addicted to Health”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 9 THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE
Characteristics of the Position Paper
Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value
Preparing a Position Paper
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Ronald Bailey, "The Battle for Your Brain"
Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 10 ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
Preparing a Causal Argument
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Lester C. Thurow, “Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men”
Tyler Cowen, "How Immigrants Create More Jobs"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 11 PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION
ARGUMENT
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
James Q. Wilson, "A New Strategy for the War on Drugs"
Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal"
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
SECTION 4 THE RESEARCHED AND FORMALLY
DOCUMENTED ARGUMENT
Chapter 12 LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE
SOURCES
Selecting a Good Topic
What Type of Research Essay Am I Preparing?
Who Is My Audience?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Locating Sources
The Book Catalog
The Reference Collection
Electronic Databases
The Internet
Field Research
Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
Chapter 13 WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY
Avoiding Plagiarism
What Is Common Knowledge?
Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Misleading Readers
Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources
Organizing the Paper
The Formal Outline
Drafting the Paper
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
The Completed Paper
Sample Student Research Essay
Chapter 14 FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE