Reading to Learn in the Content Areas

by Richardson, Judy S.; Morgan, Raymond F.

• ISBN13: 9780534508548
• ISBN10: 0534508545
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-12-23
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This book offers comprehensive and complete coverage of content area reading and methods for any student age level, kindergarten through twelfth grade. The text perfectly illustrates how to apply reading methodology to subject area learning.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Processes and Principles of Content-Reading Instruction	1	(28)
How Teachers Can Best Be Effective	4	(1)
Characteristics of a Framework	5	(1)
The PAR Lesson Framework for Instruction	6	(2)
Three Examples of PAR Being Used to Teach Content	8	(7)
Reading Achievement and the Need for Improved Instruction	15	(5)
Eight Principles for Content-Reading Instruction	20	(6)
The Organization of This Text	26	(1)
One-Minute Summary	27	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	27	(2)
The Affective Domain of Teaching	29	(29)
The Importance of the Affective Domain in Teaching	31	(1)
How Teachers Can Improve Student Attitudes	32	(1)
Conative Factors in Content-Area Teaching	33	(1)
How Affect Is Displayed by Two Students	34	(2)
A Brain-Compatible Approach to Teaching	36	(4)
Modalities of Learning	40	(3)
Preparation for Affective Teaching	43	(4)
Assistance by Strengthening Affective Bonds	47	(4)
Providing Assistance with the Environment	50	(1)
Fostering the Habit of Reading	51	(1)
Reflection Strategies for Affective Teaching	51	(5)
Reinforcing Internally Controlled Behaviors	51	(4)
Questioning	55	(1)
One-Minute Summary	56	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	57	(1)
Learning with Multiple Resources	58	(31)
Why Textbooks Cannot Stand Alone	60	(2)
Textbooks Are Limited by Their Very Purpose	60	(1)
Learners Prefer Other Resources	61	(1)
Learners Struggle with Textbook Readability	62	(1)
Multiple Resources Are the Best Learning Tools	62	(1)
Literature in the Content Classroom	62	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Literature-Based Classrooms	63	(4)
Technology as a Resource	67	(8)
TV/Video/Movies	69	(1)
A Hypertext Environment	70	(1)
Word Processing and Other Production Applications	71	(1)
Instructional Software	72	(1)
Electronic Books	73	(1)
The Internet	73	(1)
E-Mail/Discussion Groups/Listservs	74	(1)
Using Multiple Resources to Augment Textbook Instruction	75	(10)
Read-Alongs and Read-Alouds	76	(3)
Thematic Units	79	(5)
Personal Inquiries	84	(1)
Issues Related to Supporting the Textbook with Multiple Resources	85	(2)
One-Minute Summary	87	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	87	(2)
Determining the Reader's Background for Content Material	89	(36)
Why Determining Background Is Important	91	(2)
The Notion of Readability	93	(4)
Inconsiderate Discourse	94	(1)
Textual Coherence	95	(2)
Determining the Readability of Textbooks	97	(10)
Checklists	97	(3)
The Rule of Thumb	100	(1)
Readability Formulas	100	(7)
Assessing Background Activities	107	(13)
The Cloze Procedure	107	(7)
The Maze	114	(1)
Pretests of Knowledge	115	(5)
Teacher-Constructed Textbook Inventories	120	(1)
Improving Textbook Selection	120	(3)
One-Minute Summary	123	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	124	(1)
Building the Reader's Background for Content Material	125	(27)
The Importance of Background Knowledge	127	(1)
Schema Theory and Content Reading	128	(2)
The Role of the Reader's Prior Knowledge and Interest	130	(4)
Limited Prior Knowledge	131	(2)
Incorrect Prior Knowledge	133	(1)
Interest and Attitude	133	(1)
Some Activities for Building Background	134	(15)
Multitext Strategies	134	(1)
Adapting Text: Rewriting Text	135	(2)
Previewing Text: Written Previews	137	(1)
Structuring Text by Using Graphic Organizers	138	(2)
Anticipation Guides	140	(6)
Analogies	146	(2)
Direct References and Simple Discussion	148	(1)
Avoiding Textbooks: A Teacher's Last Resort	149	(1)
One-Minute Summary	150	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	151	(1)
Assisting Comprehension	152	(39)
Assisting Students to Comprehend	154	(1)
Process Versus Product	155	(1)
Using Text Features to Facilitate Comprehension	156	(16)
Mapping Superordinate/Subordinate Relationships	157	(1)
Focusing on Segments of Text	158	(7)
Understanding Patterns of Organization	165	(3)
Activities to Facilitate Understanding of Text Organization	168	(4)
Using Questioning Strategies to Facilitate Comprehension	172	(18)
Preparing Three-Level Guides	173	(7)
Questioning for Comprehension	180	(10)
One-Minute Summary	190	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	190	(1)
Reflection in Reading: Autonomy, Critical Thinking, Evaluation	191	(49)
Reflection	194	(4)
The Move Toward Autonomous Learning	194	(1)
The Role of the Communicative Arts	195	(3)
Important Reflection Skills	198	(11)
Critical Thinking	198	(3)
Problem Solving and Decision Making	201	(2)
Analyzing Authors' Techniques	203	(2)
Separating Fact from Opinion	205	(1)
Detecting Propaganda	205	(4)
Activities That Foster Reflective Thinking	209	(2)
Brainstorming	209	(1)
TRIP Cards	209	(1)
Multitext Activities	210	(1)
Literary Gift Exchanges	210	(1)
Post Graphic Organizers	211	(1)
Evaluation	211	(20)
Standardized, Norm-Referenced Tests	215	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	216	(1)
Teacher-Made Tests	217	(9)
Encouraging Student Responsibility	226	(4)
A Checklist for Designing a Test	230	(1)
Authentic Assessment	231	(7)
Developing Authentic Assessments	232	(1)
Portfolios as a Means of Authentic Assessment	233	(3)
Getting Started with Authentic Assessment	236	(2)
One-Minute Summary	238	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	238	(2)
Teaching Vocabulary	240	(42)
Understanding Words as Concepts	242	(1)
A Closer Look at Word Knowledge	243	(3)
Vocabulary and School Failure	246	(1)
Teaching Vocabulary in Preparation for Reading	247	(9)
Word Inventories	248	(1)
Graphic Organizers	248	(1)
Modified Cloze Procedures	249	(1)
Possible Sentences	250	(5)
Vocabulary Connections	255	(1)
Capsule Vocabulary	255	(1)
Assisting Students to Learn Vocabulary	256	(5)
Context Clue Discovery	256	(2)
Structural Analysis	258	(1)
Word Attack Paradigms	259	(1)
Vocabulary Lists	260	(1)
Quadrant Cards	260	(1)
Organizational (Jot) Charts	260	(1)
Reflecting on Vocabulary for Comprehension and Retention	261	(8)
Interactive Cloze Procedure	262	(1)
Semantic Feature Analysis	263	(1)
Word Puzzles	263	(1)
Post Graphic Organizers	263	(1)
Categorization	263	(4)
Word Sorts	267	(1)
DRTA Vocabulary Search	268	(1)
A Vocabulary Study System	268	(1)
Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy	269	(1)
Additional Reflection Activities for Enriching Language	269	(5)
Word Analogies	270	(1)
Magic Squares	270	(1)
Vocabulary Illustrations	271	(1)
Vocabulary Bingo	271	(2)
Word Bubbles	273	(1)
One-Minute Summary	274	(5)
End-of-Chapter Activities	279	(3)
Writing to Learn in the Content Areas	282	(41)
The Importance of the Reading-Writing Connection	285	(1)
The Process and Products of Writing	286	(4)
The Computer and Writing	290	(1)
Stages of Writing	290	(2)
The Preparation Phase of Writing	292	(5)
Cubing	294	(2)
Brain Writing	296	(1)
Three Warm-up Writing Activities	297	(1)
The Assistance Phase of Writing	297	(14)
Learning Logs	301	(3)
Annotations	304	(2)
Other Assisting Activities	306	(5)
The Reflection Phase of Writing	311	(9)
Activities for Reflective Writing	312	(5)
Grading Reflective Writing	317	(3)
One-Minute Summary	320	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	321	(2)
Study Skills and Study Systems	323	(44)
Making Students Aware of Study Skills	326	(1)
The Importance of Study Skills	327	(1)
Assessing Study Skills	328	(5)
Learning from Visual Representations	333	(2)
Reading Graphic Information	333	(1)
Reading Pictures and Maps	333	(2)
Making Mnemonic Associations	335	(7)
Acronyms	338	(1)
Acrostics	339	(1)
Associations	339	(1)
Method of Loci	340	(1)
Chunking	341	(1)
Go MAD	341	(1)
Rapid Reading	342	(3)
Shifting Gears While Reading	343	(1)
Rapid-Reading Exercises	344	(1)
Previewing	345	(3)
Learning to Preview	346	(1)
Skimming and Scanning	347	(1)
Locating Information	348	(1)
Organizing Information	349	(11)
Outlining	350	(2)
Note Taking	352	(4)
Text Lookbacks	356	(4)
Study Systems	360	(5)
SQ3R	360	(1)
PQR2 ST+	361	(2)
SQRC	363	(2)
One-Minute Summary	365	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	366	(1)
Cooperative Study for Communication and Collaboration	367	(34)
The Importance of Cooperative Study	369	(2)
Group Decision Making	371	(2)
Types of Cooperative Study	373	(3)
Oral Cooperative Study	373	(1)
Written Cooperative Study	374	(1)
Visual Cooperative Study	374	(2)
Why Cooperative Study Is Effective	376	(2)
Managing Time as the Key to Cooperative Study	378	(5)
Activities That Promote Cooperative Study	383	(11)
Extended Anticipation Guides	383	(1)
ABOUT/POINT	383	(1)
Paired Reading	383	(2)
Self-Generated Questions for Cooperative Study	385	(1)
Summarizing in Groups	385	(2)
Jigsaw	387	(1)
Think-Aloud	388	(2)
Cooperative Reading Activity	390	(1)
Interactive Guide	390	(1)
Cooperative Graphing	391	(1)
Other Activities That Involve Cooperation	392	(2)
Listening	394	(3)
One-Minute Summary	397	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	398	(3)
Supporting Diverse Learners in the Content Classroom	401	(39)
Reading for At-Risk Students	403	(6)
Characteristics of At-Risk Students	404	(1)
Identifying and Helping At-Risk Students	405	(2)
Resilient Students	407	(2)
Students with Limited English Proficiency	409	(9)
Cultural Discontinuity	409	(1)
School Programs	410	(2)
Social Style and Attitudes	412	(1)
Instructional Guidelines for Working with Students with Limited English Proficiency	413	(2)
Techniques That Work Well with Limited-English-Proficiency Students	415	(3)
Students from Low-Socioeconomic Environments	418	(2)
Poverty and School Achievement	418	(1)
Instructional Guidelines for Working with Students from Low-Socioeconomic Environments	419	(1)
Students with Low Self-Esteem	420	(5)
Motivation and Self-Esteem	421	(1)
Building Positive Relationships	422	(2)
Guidelines for Working with Students with Low Self-Esteem	424	(1)
Reading Instruction for Struggling Students	425	(12)
Factors to Consider	425	(1)
Strategy Repertoire	426	(5)
Additional Strategies for Struggling Readers and Nonreaders	431	(3)
Writing for At-Risk and Struggling Readers	434	(3)
One-Minute Summary	437	(1)
End-of-Chapter Activities	438	(2)
Appendix A Assessing Attitudes Toward Reading	440	(14)
Appendix B Readability Information	454	(3)
Appendix C Vocabulary Building: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots	457	(5)
Appendix D Sample PAR Activities	462	(11)
References	473	(32)
Activity Contributors	505	(4)
Author Index	509	(7)
Subject Index	516	(6)
PAR Cross-Reference Guide	522