Reading Rhetorically

by Bean, John C.; Chappell, Virginia A.; Gillam, Alice M.

• ISBN13: 9780205308859
• ISBN10: 0205308856
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

This aims-based rhetoric and reader teaches students analytical reading, academic writing, and inquiry as the keys to success in college. @BULLET = Part I, " Reading Rhetorically, " includes an in-depth discussion of analytical reading" and shows students how skilled academic readers construct the meaning of a text. @BULLET = Part II, " The Rhetorical Reader as Writers, " provides an overview of academic writing, the role of reading in research, and writing from sources: " summary, paraphrase, direct quotation, and citation practices. @BULLET = Parts II follows the evolution of a student writing project as the student moves from summary to rhetorical analysis to researched critique of a reading." Ideal for individuals in developing critical reading and writing skills.

Table of Contents

Thematic Contents	xix
Preface	xxv
Part One: Reading Rhetorically
Your Life as a Reader	3	(10)
Exploring Your Reading Life	4	(1)
Taking Stock of Why You Read	5	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	5	(2)
Summary	7	(1)
Scenes of Reading	7	(6)
A Brief Writing Project
Option 1: Memories
Option 2: Observations
Option 3: Interviews	7	(2)
The Writing Life	9	(1)
Gloria Naylor
Reading on the Fourth of July	10	(2)
Virginia Chappell
A Lawyer and His Reading	12	(1)
Melissa Martinie
The Special Demands of Academic Reading	13	(14)
Reading as Conversation	14	(2)
For Writing and Discussion	16	(1)
Challenges Presented by Academic Reading	17	(1)
Rhetorical Reading as an Academic Strategy	18	(1)
Questions That Rhetorical Readers Ask	19	(1)
Writers' Purposes Versus Readers' Purposes	20	(1)
A Further Look at Writers' Purposes	21	(5)
Expressing and Reflecting	22	(1)
Inquiring and Exploring	22	(1)
Informing and Explaining	22	(1)
Analyzing and Interpreting	23	(1)
Taking a Stand	23	(1)
Evaluating and Judging	24	(1)
Proposing Solutions	25	(1)
Seeking Common Ground	25	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Strategies for Reading Rhetorically	27	(18)
Reading and Writing as Acts of Composing	27	(2)
The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently	29	(1)
Thomas Lux
For Writing and Discussion	29	(2)
Texts and Their Rhetorical Contexts	31	(1)
An Extended Example: Articles About Teenagers' Sleep Habits	31	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	32	(2)
Learning From the Practices of Experienced Readers	34	(2)
Building a Context for Reading	35	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	36	(3)
Matching Strategies with a Text's Genre	37	(1)
Matching Strategies with Purpose for Reading	38	(1)
Taking Stock of How You Read	39	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	39	(1)
Summary	40	(5)
Sources of the Article Excerpts About Teenagers' Sleep Patterns	41	(4)
Part Two: Reading and Responding to Texts
Listening to a Text	45	(24)
Writing as You Read	46	(1)
Preparing to Read	47	(4)
Identifying Your Purpose	47	(1)
Recalling Background Knowledge	48	(1)
Reconstructing Rhetorical Context	48	(2)
Spot Reading	50	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	51	(1)
Listening as You Read Initially	52	(4)
Noting Organizational Signals	53	(1)
Marking Unfamiliar Terms and References	53	(1)
Identifying Points of Difficulty	53	(1)
Annotating	54	(2)
For Writing and Discussion	56	(1)
Listening as You Reread	56	(3)
Mapping the Idea Structure	56	(2)
Descriptive Outlining	58	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	59	(5)
Composing a Summary	59	(2)
Jenny's Process Notes for Writing a Summary	61	(1)
Jenny's Summary	61	(1)
Checklist for Evaluating Summaries	62	(1)
Writing a Rhetorical Precis	62	(1)
Structure of a Rhetorical Precis	63	(1)
Jenny's Rhetorical Precis	63	(1)
Summary	64	(1)
A Brief Writing Project	64	(5)
Who Cares If Johnny Can't Read?	65	(4)
Larissa MacFarquhar
Questioning a Text	69	(22)
What It Means to Question a Text	69	(1)
Strategies for Questioning a Text	70	(1)
Examining a Writer's Credibility	70	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	71	(3)
Examining a Writer's Appeals to Reason	71	(1)
Claims	72	(1)
Reasons	72	(1)
Evidence	73	(1)
Assumptions	73	(1)
Examining a Writer's Strategies for Engaging Readers	74	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	74	(2)
Examining a Writer's Language	75	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	76	(3)
Examining a Text's Ideology	77	(2)
For Writing and Discussion	79	(1)
Exploring Your Responses to a Text	80	(1)
Before/ After Reflections	80	(1)
For Writing and Discussion	81	(2)
The Believing and Doubting Game	81	(1)
Jenny's Believing-Doubting Game Freewrite	81	(2)
Interviewing the Author	83	(1)
Jenny's Interview Questions	83	(1)
Applying Rhetorical Reading Strategies: An Example	83	(4)
Jenny's Assignment to Examine Rhetorical Strategies	84	(1)
Jenny's Paper: Who Cares If the Value of Books Is Overstated?	84	(3)
For Writing and Discussion	87	(1)
Summary	87	(4)
Part Three: The Rhetorical Reader as Writer
Writing About Reading: The Special Demands of Academic Writing	91	(18)
Overview of Part Three	92	(1)
Typical Reading-Based Writing Assignments Across the Curriculum	93	(5)
Writing to Understand Course Content More Fully	93	(1)
In-Class Freewriting	94	(1)
Reading or Learning Logs	94	(1)
Double-Entry Notebooks	94	(1)
One-Page Response Papers or Thought Pieces	94	(1)
Writing to Report Your Understanding of What a Text Says	95	(1)
Writing to Practice the Conventions of a Particular Type of Text	96	(1)
Writing to Make Claims About a Text	97	(1)
Writing to Extend the Conversation	98	(1)
Asserting Your Authority As a Reader and Writer	98	(1)
Seeing Writing As a Process of ``Putting in Your Oar''	99	(8)
Strategies for Getting Started	100	(1)
Strategies for Generating Ideas	101	(1)
Strategies for Writing a First Draft	102	(1)
Strategies for Evaluating Your Draft for Revision	103	(1)
Strategies for Peer Response and Revision	103	(1)
Tips for Offering Feedback to Others	104	(1)
Tips for Using Feedback to Revise	105	(1)
Strategies for Editing and Polishing Your Final Draft	105	(2)
Summary	107	(2)
Using Rhetorical Reading to Conduct Research	109	(14)
Choosing Readings	110	(7)
Jenny's Assignment to Extend the Conversation	111	(1)
Formulating Questions: Know What You're Looking For	111	(1)
Question Analysis	112	(1)
Clarifying Your Purpose	113	(1)
Prompts for Questions Analysis	113	(1)
Excerpts from Jenny's Research Log	114	(1)
Discerning Purpose in Potential Sources	115	(2)
For Writing and Discussion	117	(1)
Evaluating Potential Sources	117	(4)
Library Databases and Web Search Engines	117	(1)
Questions About Relevance	118	(1)
Questions About Currency and Scope	119	(1)
Questions About Authors and Experts	119	(1)
Questions About Publishers and Sponsors	120	(1)
More Excerpts from Jenny's Research Log	121	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Making Knowledge: Incorporating Reading into Writing	123	(24)
Summary, Paraphrase, and Direct Quotation	124	(5)
Using Summary	124	(1)
Using Paraphrase	125	(2)
Using Direct Quotation	127	(2)
For Writing and Discussion	129	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	130	(2)
Attributive Tags	132	(2)
Citation Conventions	134	(6)
Formats for In-Text Citations	136	(1)
Placement Guidelines	136	(1)
Page Number Guidelines	137	(1)
Author and Title Guidelines	137	(3)
Summary	140	(1)
Incorporating Reading into Writing: An Example	140	(7)
Part Four: An Anthology of Readings
Expressing and Reflecting	147	(62)
Questions to Help You Read Expression and Reflection Rhetorically	149	(57)
In Case You Ever Want to Go Home Again	151	(1)
Barbara Kingsolver
``I've never gotten over high school, to the extent that I'm still a little surprised that my friends want to hang out with me.''	151	(8)
Language	159	(10)
Kyoko Mori
``In Japanese, I don't have a voice for speaking my mind.''
Black Swans	169	(15)
Lauren Slater
``When I'm living in moments of clarity, have I transcended disease, or has disease transformed me, taught me how to live in secret niches?''
keeping close to home: class and education	184	(11)
bell hooks
``To a southern black girl from a working-class background who had never been on a city bus, who had never stepped on an escalator, who had never travelled by plane, leaving the comfortable confines of a small town Kentucky life to attend Stanford University was not just frightening; it was utterly painful.''
A Word with the Boy	195	(6)
David Updike
``The whole thing evolved so quietly, so peaceably, that I wasn't prepared to put a stop to it.''
Reflection as Knowledge	201	(5)
Heidi Steenburg
``I needed to find a way to tell the story, to tell what happened to the homeless people, to tell what happened to me.''
Writing to Express and Reflect	206	(3)
Reflecting on Experience	206	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	206	(1)
Extending the Conversation	206	(3)
Inquiring and Exploring	209	(46)
Questions to Help You Read Explorations Rhetorically	210	(43)
Singing with the Fundamentalists	212	(9)
Annie Dillard
``What are they singing?... I want to join them....I want to take my stand with them, for I am drawn to their very absurdity, their innocent indifference to what people think.''
Testing the Limits of Tolerance as Cultures Mix	221	(4)
Barbara Crossette
``How do democratic, pluralistic societies like the United States, based on religious and cultural tolerance, respond to customs and rituals that may be repellent to the majority?''
Witness to Rage	225	(11)
Robert McGuire
``We know little about what happens to children who witness domestic violence. In fact, we know more about the effects violent television shows have on children.''
Bitch	236	(9)
Beverly Gross
``What is the male equivalent of the word bitch, I asked the class. `Boss,' said Sabrina Sims.''
Mommy, What Does ``Nigger'' Mean?	245	(4)
Gloria Naylor
``And building from the meanings of what we hear, we order reality.''
Seeking Answers to the Question of Divorce	249	(4)
Joshua D. McColough
``I sink into the couch in our family room. Aunt Peggy and Uncle Max are separated. What about our traditional fondue dinner on New Year's Eve? The weekends up at the lake?''
Writing to Inquire and Explore	253	(2)
Exploring a Question That Puzzles You	253	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	253	(1)
Extending the Conversation	253	(2)
Informing and Explaining	255	(82)
Questions to Help You Read Informative and Explanatory Texts Rhetorically	258	(97)
How Come?	259	(4)
Kathy Wollard
Mirage Isn't a Figment of Your Imagination
``Soon you realize you can chase that patch of water down the highway all day and never catch it.''
That Funny and Embarrasing Hiccup May Actually Be Helpful for Your Body
``...if they go on too long, hiccups are no fun. Which is why there are so many hiccup `cures' floating around.''
Once a Novelty, Now-Essential Credit Card Turns 50
Marcy Gordon
```Children, dogs, cats and moose are getting credit cards,' Federal Reserve Chariman Alan Greenspan recently told the Senate Banking Committee.''	263	(5)
UC Berkeley Wellness Letter, Why Do Those #*@! ``Experts'' Keep Changing Their Minds?
``Science is a process, not a product, a work in progress rather than a book of rules.''	268	(7)
Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents	275	(24)
Amy R. Wolfson
Mary A. Carskadon
``Students with short school-night sleep reported increased levels of depressed mood, daytime sleepiness, and problematic sleep behaviors in comparison to longer sleepers.''
When a Wet Vac Counts More Than a Ph.D.	299	(3)
Paul Irgang
``Those of us who work in academe inhabit an unofficial, yet undeniable, caste system.''
Body in Trouble	302	(6)
Nancy Mairs
``Disability is at once a metaphorical and a material state, evocative of other conditions in time and space---childhood and imprisonment come to mind---yet `like' nothing but itself.''
Helping and Hating the Homeless	308	(14)
Peter Marin
``The point is to try to illuminate some of the darker corners of homelessness, those we ordinarily ignore, and those in which the keys to much that is now going on may be hidden.''
America's Love Affair with Pizza: A Guilty Pleasure No More	322	(4)
Thomas Roepsch
``Every pizza lover knows the guilt associated with devouring a greasy pizza straight out of the box...''
Consent (Fiction)	326	(29)
C.J. Hribal
``This kid, though, nobody knows what happened to this kid. But edging over the ravine, conscious of where his feet meet the ravine's crumbling muddy edge and conscious, too, of the child's drowned body a few feet behind him, Porter can guess.''
Writing to Inform and Explain	355
Explaining What You Know	335	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	335	(1)
Extending the Conversation	336	(1)
Analyzing and Interpreting	337	(54)
Questions to Help You Read Analysis and Interpretation Rhetorically	339	(50)
The Past in the Present: The Life of Memorials	340	(9)
Kirk Savage
``Why lavish time and money on monuments, especially if `true' memory indeed resides elsewhere?''
I Shop, Ergo I Am: The Mall as Society's Mirror	349	(5)
Sarah Boxer
``In certain academic circles, `shop till you drop' is considered a civic act.''
Toys	354	(3)
Roland Barthes
``Current toys are made of a graceless material, the product of chemistry, not of nature.''
The Lesson (Fiction)	357	(7)
Toni Cade Bambara
``Back in the days when everyone was old and stupid or young and foolish and me and Sugar were the only ones just right, this lady moved on our block with nappy hair and proper speech and no makeup.''
Waste Is Good	364	(11)
Geoffrey Miller
``Why would evolution produce a species of anthropoid ape that feels it simply must have the Sennheisers, when the Vivancos would stimulate its ears just as well?''
Men, Women, Sex, and Darwin	375	(10)
Natalie Angier
``[H]ard-core evolutionary psychologists have got a lot about women wrong.''
Rebellion Through Music	385	(4)
Heather Wendtland
``Why did we love entertainers and songs we knew we should hate?''
Writing to Analyze and Interpret	389	(2)
Offering an Interpretation	389	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	389	(1)
Extending the Conversation	390	(1)
Taking a Stand	391	(58)
Argument and Public Life	392	(1)
Why Should You Agree? Claim, Reason, Evidence, and Assumption	393	(3)
What's Really at Issue?	396	(4)
What Kind of Question Is at Issue? Using Stasis Categories for Argument Analysis	397	(3)
Questions to Help You Read Arguments Rhetorically	400	(46)
Web Pages for the Million Mom March and Second Amendment Sisters Rally, May 2000, Marching For and Against Guns and Gun Controls	401	(4)
About Face	405	(1)
Kathleen Parker
For Starters, We Can Require Trigger Locks	405	(1)
``Any adult who leaves a weapon around for a young child to take to school is negligent, no yes-buts.''
Revisiting the Issue of Trigger Locks	406	(3)
``Quick, somebody sell me a bridge over the Sahara before I grow a brain.''
Is There Other Intelligent Life in the Universe? An Exchange of Letters	409	(7)
Arnold Wolfendale
Seth Shostak
``No,'' says Wolfendale, a British physicist and former Astronomer Royal. ``Yes,'' says Shostak, who works for the SETI Institute in California
Statement by Alabama Clergymen and Letter from Birmingham Jail	416	(1)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Statement	416	(2)
Alabama Clergymen
``We are convinced that these demonstrations are unwise and untimely.''
Letter from Birmingham Jail	418	(13)
``You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations.''
Let Gays Marry	431	(3)
Andrew Sullivan
``People ask us why we want the right to marry, but the answer is obvious. It's the same reason anyone wants the right to marry.''
Should a Boy Be Expelled for Thought Crimes?	434	(4)
Sallie Tisdale
``Why would anyone, especially an educator, be surprised to find out that an American high school boy thinks about murder?''
A Hanging (Fiction)	438	(5)
George Orwell
``In some of [the cells] brown, silent men were squating at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two.''
Good Intentions in the Anti-Sweatshop Movement	443	(3)
Sofia Collins
``Much of the denim and khaki I wear was probably sewn by outsourced workers in developing countries under conditions that violate most U.S. health and safety standards.''
Writing to Take a Stand	446	(3)
Taking a Stand of Your Own	446	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	446	(1)
Extending the Conversation	447	(2)
Evaluating and Judging	449	(42)
Questions to Help You Read Evaluative Texts Rhetorically	453	(36)
Invention Is the Mother of Necessity	454	(5)
Jared Diamond
``[F]orget those stories about genius inventors who perceived a need of society, solved it single-handedly and transformed the world.''
A Perfect Set of Teeth	459	(3)
Alison Lurie
``The zipper is probably the only clothes fastener to have been the star of a Broadway song.''
Words Go Right to the Brain, but Can They Stir the Heart?	462	(5)
Laurence Zuckerman
``Powerpoint is so popular that in many offices it has entered the lexicon as a synonym for a presentation, as in `Did you send me the Powerpoint'.''
The Morality and Metaphysics of Email	467	(3)
Michael Kinsley
``Historians looking back on our time, I suspect, will have no doubt that the arrival of email was a good thing.''
Web Sites Dedicated to Being Simple Without Giving Up Affluence	470	(3)
Joe Queenan
``Simplicity has evolved into a secular religion for affluent Americans in recent years.''
The Addictive Spectacle of Maternal Reality	473	(4)
Joyce Millman
```A Baby Story'... is like childbirth porn---complete with unflattering lighting, sometimes muddy sound, and decidedly nonprofessional stars.''
En Garde, Princess!	477	(6)
M. G. Lord
``If I were Barbie, the 11-and-a-half-inch princess who has dominated the doll world since 1959, I would keep an eye on the newly formed SWAT team of action figures known as Get Real Girls...[And] I would watch my bony little back.''
Barbie-Q (Fiction)	483	(3)
Sandra Cisneros
``Every time the same story. Your Barbie is roommates with my Barbie, and my Barbie's boyfriend comes over and your Barbie steals him, okay? Kiss Kiss Kiss.''
Through the Looking Glass	486	(3)
Rhonda Downey
``[T]hroughout America's history the media has often misconstrued the cultural images of its minorities, particularly African Americans.''
Writing to Evaluate and Judge	489	(2)
Making an Evaluation	489	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	489	(1)
Extending the Conversation	489	(2)
Proposing Solutions	491	(40)
Questions to Help You Read Proposals Rhetorically	493	(36)
The Need for Environmental Ethics	495	(4)
Anthony Weston
``We are beginning to struggle with the intimation that something is seriously wrong with our relation to the natural world. It is a little like suspecting cancer but not wanting to know.''
Why a Prime Model for Saving Rain Forests Is a Failure	499	(5)
John F Oates
``In the last 20 years, the size of tropical rain forests---and the number of animals in them---has declined drastically although money for conserving those forests has become more plentiful.''
The Singer Solution to Wrold Poverty	504	(6)
Peter Singer
``I'm saying that you shouldn't buy that new car, take that cruise, redecorate the house or get that pricey new suit. After all, a 1,000 suit could save five children's lives.''
Clinical Research---What Should the Public Believe?	510	(6)
Marcia Angell
Jerome P Kassirer
``Health-conscious Americans increasingly find themselves beset by contradictory advice.''
The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales	516	(6)
Janet Radcliffe-Richards
``When the practice of buying kidneys from live vendors first came to light some years ago, it aroused such horror that all professional associations denounced it, and nearly all countries have now made it illegal.''
Binge Drinking as a Substitute for a ``Community of Learning''	522	(4)
Kenneth Bruffee
``To stem the tide of binge drinking, colleges have tried closing fraternities and sororities, punishing heavy drinkers, enlisting the help of liquor-store owners, and banning alcohol on their campuses. So far, those efforts have largely failed.''
Consider the Study of Peace	526	(3)
Kathryn Sipiorski
``Peace is a passive force achieved only by active minds.''
Writing to Propose a Solution	529	(2)
Proposing a Solution	529	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	529	(1)
Extending the Conversation	529	(2)
Seeking Common Ground	531	(48)
Questions to Help You Read Rhetorically About Common Ground	533	(43)
The Triumph of the Yell	534	(4)
Deborah Tannen
``I put the question...: `Why do you need to make others wrong for you to be right?' Her response: `It's an argument!' That's the problem.''
Fight Fierce but Fair: And Practice at Home	538	(4)
Sydney Callahan
``Let's keep the home fires burning for the greater good of the body politic.''
From Conflict to Congruence	542	(8)
Aida A. Michlowski
``As it continues to grow in acceptance, conflict resolution may yet become `the fourth R' in basic education.''
The Anthropology of Abortion Activism	550	(5)
Faye Ginsburg
``I felt that the abortion debate needed the kind of research that anthropologists and other qualitative social scientists undertake: studies that try to understand people as part of a community, getting to know them over time and in context....''
What Should Be Learned Through Service Learning?	555	(6)
Michael X. Delli Carpini
Scott Keeter
``At first blush, the learning of political facts would seem far removed from the goals and approaches most centrally identified with either the service learning movement or current thinking about effective classroom instruction.''
Open Letter from Mel White to Jerry Falwell	561	(5)
Mel White
``Has it ever crossed your mind that you might be just as wrong about homosexuality as you were about segregation?''
Aaron the ``Wiggah''	566	(4)
Salim Muwakkil
``Aaron wasn't my first white student to display hip hop leanings....''
Public Libraries and Internet Filters: Protection Versus Access	570	(6)
Jenny Trinitapoli
``At the heart of this controversy are serious values issues about decency, safety, and freedom of information---and the role of government in guaranteeing all of the above to its citizens.''
Writing to Seek Common Ground	576	(3)
Moving Toward Common Ground	576	(1)
Examining Rhetorical Strategies	576	(1)
Extending the Conversation	577	(2)
Appendix: Building a Citation	579	(18)
Basic Guidelines for Works Cited Lists	579	(1)
Citation Formats for Books	580	(4)
Citation Formats for Articles in Periodicals	584	(5)
Citation Formats for World Wide Web Sources	589	(3)
Citation Formats for Other Materials and Media	592	(5)
Credits	597	(6)
Index	603