Real Estate Law

by Jennings,Marianne M.(Marianne M. Jennings)

• ISBN13: 9780324269949
• ISBN10: 0324269943
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-04-29
• Publisher: South-Western College/West

Summary

This text brings to life the color and law of real estate in day-to-day settings. In addition to the lively case selection, real estate professionals need a clear set of rules that will enable them to recognize, solve, and prevent legal problems.

Table of Contents

PART 1: THE NATURE OF REAL ESTATE AND OWNERSHIP OF REAL ESTATE INTERESTS
Introduction and Sources of Real Estate Law	1	(14)
Sources of Real Estate Law	1	(11)
The United States Constitution	2	(1)
Federal Legislative Enactments	3	(1)
Federal Administrative Regulations	4	(1)
State Constitutions	5	(1)
State Legislative Enactments	5	(1)
State Administrative Regulations	5	(1)
County, City, and Borough Ordinances	6	(1)
Private Law	6	(1)
Court Decisions	7	(1)
Solow v. Wellner	8	(2)
Palais Partners v. Vollenweider	10	(2)
Justification for Studying Real Estate Law: Some Cautions and Conclusions	12	(3)
The Most Frequently Asked Real Estate Questions	12	(3)
Land Interests: Present and Future	15	(22)
Land Interests-Freehold Estates and Accompanying Future Interests	16	(11)
Freehold Estates	16	(1)
Fee Simple Absolute Ownership	16	(1)
Fee Simple Defeasible	16	(1)
Fee Simple Determinables and Possibility of Reverter	16	(2)
Possibility of Reverter---The Fee Simple Determinable Future Interest	18	(1)
Fee Simple Subject to a Condition Subsequent	18	(1)
Right of Entry/Power of Termination	18	(1)
Dennis v. Bird	19	(2)
Fee Tail Ownership	21	(1)
Life Estate Ownership	22	(1)
Reversions	23	(1)
Remainders	23	(2)
Executory Interests	25	(2)
Special Rules Governing Interests in Land	27	(5)
Lusk v. Broyles	27	(1)
Doctrine of Worthier Title	28	(1)
Rule Against Perpetuities	29	(2)
Texaco Refining and Marketing, Inc. v. Samowitz	31	(1)
Land Interests-Nonfreehold Estates	32	(1)
Economics of Land Interests	32	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	32	(5)
Extent of Real Estate Interests	37	(28)
Land Interests Above the Surface	37	(9)
Air Rights	37	(1)
United States v. Causby	38	(3)
The Right to Light	41	(1)
Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty-Five Twenty-Five, Inc.	42	(2)
Right to a View	44	(1)
Pierce v. Northeast Lake Washington Sewer and Water District	44	(2)
Surface and Subsurface Rights	46	(8)
Mineral Rights: Oil and Gas Ownership	47	(3)
Geothermal Energy	50	(1)
Water Rights	50	(2)
Stupak-Thrall v. United States	52	(2)
Protection of Property Rights	54	(3)
Trespass	54	(1)
Nuisance	54	(1)
Jordan v. Georgia Power Co.	55	(2)
Duties of Landowners	57	(4)
Trespassers	57	(1)
Licensees	57	(1)
Invitees	57	(1)
Breach of Duty	58	(1)
Delta Tau Delta v. Johnson	59	(2)
Cautions and Conclusions	61	(4)
Nonpossessory Interests in Real Estate	65	(20)
Easements	65	(15)
Types of Easements: Appurtenant v. Easements in Gross	65	(1)
Types of Easements: Affirmative v. Negative Easements	66	(1)
The Parties: Dominant v. Servient Estates	67	(1)
Creation of Easements	67	(2)
Granite Properties Limited Partnership v. Manns	69	(4)
Carnahan v. Moriah Property Owners Association, Inc.	73	(2)
Scope and Extent of Easements	75	(1)
Wetmore v. Ladies of Lorretto, Wheaton	76	(3)
Termination of Easements	79	(1)
Profits	80	(1)
Licenses	80	(1)
Covenants	81	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	81	(4)
Fixtures	85	(18)
Definition of a Fixture	85	(9)
Degree of Annexation Test	86	(1)
Nature and Use of the Property	86	(1)
Relationship Between Annexor and Premises	86	(1)
Intent	87	(1)
Trade Fixtures	87	(1)
Who Wants to Know?	87	(1)
Mulford v. Fairfax Center LLC	88	(2)
Specialty Restaurants Corporation v. County of Los Angeles	90	(3)
A Word on Precautions	93	(1)
Attachments	94	(1)
Transfer of Title to Fixtures and Personal Property	94	(1)
Creditors' Rights in Fixtures	94	(5)
Scope of Article 9	94	(1)
Creation (Attachment) of Security Interest (9-203)	94	(1)
Purchase Money Security Interest in Fixtures (9-103)	95	(1)
Perfection of Security Interest (9-301)	95	(1)
General Rules of Priority Among Secured Creditors (9-317)	96	(1)
Exceptions to General Rules	97	(1)
Default by Debtor and Rights of Secured Party (9-604)	97	(2)
Cautions and Conclusions	99	(4)
Liens	103	(22)
Types of Liens	103	(2)
Statutory Liens	103	(1)
Equitable Liens	104	(1)
Voluntary v. Involuntary Liens	104	(1)
Judicial Liens	104	(1)
Mechanic's and Materials Liens	104	(1)
Creation of Mechanic's Liens	105	(11)
Who Is Subject to Lien?	105	(1)
Kansas City Heartland Construction Co. v. Maggie Jones Southport Cafe, Inc.	105	(3)
Mull, et al. v. Mickey's Lumber & Supply Co., Inc.	108	(1)
Who Is Entitled to a Lien?	109	(1)
Haz-Mat Response, Inc. v. Certified Waste Services Limited	109	(3)
Ontiveros v. Sanchez	112	(3)
What Property Is Subject to a Lien?	115	(1)
Procedural Aspects of Obtaining a Lien	116	(1)
Priority of Lien Interests	116	(4)
Attachment of Lien	116	(1)
Rights of Purchasers	117	(1)
Sundance Mechanical & Utility Corporation v. Atlas	117	(1)
Priority Among Mechanic's Liens	118	(1)
Mechanic's Liens and Fixture Filings	119	(1)
Mechanic's Liens and Homestead Exemption	119	(1)
Mechanic's Liens and Mortgages	119	(1)
Termination of Mechanic's Liens	120	(1)
Waiver or Release by Agreement	120	(1)
Lien Alternatives	120	(1)
Constitutionality of Mechanic's Liens	121	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	121	(4)
Describing Land Interests	125	(18)
Methods of Describing Land Interests	125	(8)
Metes and Bounds	125	(1)
Foreman v. Sholl	126	(1)
Plat Map	127	(1)
McDonald v. Jones	128	(1)
Government Survey	129	(3)
Triplett v. David H. Fulstone Co.	132	(1)
Adequacy of Descriptions	133	(5)
Description by Popular Name	134	(1)
Wadsworth v. Moe	134	(1)
Description by Street Number	135
General Conveyances	35	(100)
Impermanent Descriptions	135	(1)
Interpretation of Descriptions	135	(1)
Withington v. Derrick	136	(2)
Cautions and Conclusions	138	(5)
PART 2: REAL ESTATE OWNERSHIP
Co-Ownership of Real Estate	143	(24)
Methods of Co-Ownership	144	(5)
Tenancies in Common	144	(1)
Joint Tenancies	144	(1)
The Language of a Joint Tenancy	144	(1)
Estate of Gulledge	145	(2)
Other Requirements for Joint Tenancy Creation: The Unities	147	(1)
Tenancies by Entirety and Other Survival Marital Property Interests	148	(1)
Tenancy in Partnership	148	(1)
Creditors' Rights and Co-Ownership	149	(1)
Rights and Responsibilities of Cotenants	150	(1)
Rents	150	(1)
Expenditures	150	(1)
Partition and Ouster	150	(1)
Marital Property Rights---Co-Ownership by Marriage	151	(1)
The Common Law---Dower Rights	151	(1)
Marital Property Rights-Co-Ownership by Marriage	151	(12)
The Common Law-Dower Rights	151	(1)
Punches v. Funches	152	(1)
The Common Law---Curtesy Rights	153	(1)
Statutory Marital Law---Community Property	153	(1)
Diosdado v. Diosdado	154	(2)
Extension of Property Rights to Relationships Beyond Marriage	156	(1)
Champion v. Frazier	156	(2)
Premarital or Antenuptial Agreements	158	(1)
In re Marriage of Bonds	159	(4)
Cautions and Conclusions	163	(4)
The Landlord-Tenant Relationship	167	(32)
Types of Tenancies	167	(2)
Tenancy for Years	168	(1)
Periodic Tenancy	168	(1)
Tenancy at Will	168	(1)
Tenancy at Sufferance	169	(1)
Terms of Lease Agreement	169	(12)
Need for Lease Agreement	169	(1)
Habitability	169	(1)
Schuman v. Kobets	170	(2)
Deposits	172	(2)
Amount of Rent	174	(1)
Rent Control	175	(1)
Fisher v. City of Berkeley California	175	(2)
Lease Term	177	(1)
Attorneys' Fees	177	(1)
Rules and Regulations	177	(1)
Berlinger v. Suburban Apartment Management	178	(1)
Landlord's Right of Access	179	(1)
Assignments and Subleases	179	(1)
Unconscionability	180	(1)
Rights and Responsibilities of Parties to Lease Agreement	181	(15)
Responsibilities of Landlords and Rights of Tenants	181	(1)
Minjak Co. v. Randolph	182	(2)
Casa Blanca Mobile Home Park v. Hill	184	(3)
Errico v. LaMountain	187	(3)
Department of Housing and Urban Development v. Rucker	190	(1)
Tenney v. Atlantic Associates	191	(3)
Rights of Landlords and Responsibilities of Tenants	194	(2)
Cautions and Conclusions	196	(3)
Commercial Leases	199	(32)
Formation of the Commercial Lease	199	(3)
Negotiations	199	(1)
Herring-Marathon Master Partnership B v. Boardwalk Fries, Inc.	200	(1)
The Lease Agreement	201	(1)
Topics in the Commercial Lease	202	(19)
The Lease Term	202	(1)
Premises Condition	202	(1)
Richard Barton Enterprises, Inc. v. Tsern	203	(3)
Bijan Designer for Men, Inc. v. St. Regis Sheraton Corporation	206	(2)
Condition of the Premises---The Sick Building Syndrome	208	(1)
Rent and Rent Terminology	209	(1)
Circle K Corporation v. Collins	210	(3)
Fixtures and Alterations	213	(1)
Operations	214	(1)
Common Areas	214	(1)
Sharon P. v. Arman, Ltd.	215	(2)
Americans with Disabilities Act	217	(1)
Staron v. McDonald's Corporation	217	(3)
Landlord's Right of Entry	220	(1)
Destruction and Damage to Premises	220	(1)
Breach	220	(1)
Landlord's Responsibility for Tenant's Conduct	221	(1)
Assignment of Leases	221	(1)
Shopping Center Leases--Specific Provisions	221	(5)
The Anchor Tenant	221	(1)
State v. Pearle Vision Center, Inc.	222	(2)
Business Restrictions	224	(1)
Child World, Inc. v. South Towne Centre, Ltd.	224	(2)
Cautions and Conclusions	226	(5)
Multiunit Real Estate Interests	231	(28)
Applicable Laws	232	(1)
Condominiums	232	(13)
Definition and Characteristics	232	(1)
Creation of Condominium	233	(2)
Nahrstedt v. Lakeside Village Condominium Association, Inc.	235	(4)
Bylaws, CCRs Regulations, and Condominium Homeowners' Associations: The Conflicts	239	(1)
LaSalle National Trust, N.A. (Carma McClure) v. Board of Directors of the 1100 Lake Shore Drive Condominium	240	(2)
Homeowners' Association Board Liabilities	242	(1)
Randol v. Atkinson	243	(2)
Cooperatives	245	(2)
Nature of Cooperatives	245	(1)
Kadera v. Superior Court and Consolidated Cooperative of Scottsdale East, Inc.	245	(1)
Creation of a Cooperative	246	(1)
Townhouses	247	(1)
Nature of Townhouses	247	(1)
Creation of Townhouses	248	(1)
Time-Sharing Interests	248	(2)
Nature of Time-Sharing Ownership	248	(1)
Creation of Time-Sharing Interests	249	(1)
Hybrids	250	(1)
Liability Issues in Multiunit Interests	250	(5)
Contractual Liability of Unit Owners	250	(1)
Tort Liability of Unit Owners	251	(1)
Martinez v. Woodmar IV Condominiums	252	(2)
Medcalf v. Washington Condominium Ass'n	254	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	255	(4)
PART 3: TRANSFERRING TITLE TO REAL ESTATE
The Broker's Role in the Transfer of Real Estate	259	(38)
Nature of Broker's/Agent's Role	260	(1)
Definition	260	(1)
Traditional Principal/Agent Concepts vs. Principal/Broker Roles	260	(1)
The Types of Real Estate Broker Relationships	260	(4)
The Listing Agent	260	(1)
The Dual Agency	260	(1)
The Buyer Broker	261	(1)
The Open Listing Agency	261	(1)
The Exclusive Agency	261	(1)
The Exclusive Right-to-Sell or Exclusive Listing-to-Sell Agency	262	(1)
Multiple Listing Agency	262	(1)
The Subagency	262	(1)
Net Listing Agency	262	(1)
The Designated Agency	263	(1)
The Nonagent Broker	263	(1)
The Internet as an Agent	263	(1)
Listing Agreements for Hiring Brokers/Agents	264	(9)
Agreements in Writing	264
Signature by Owner	64	(201)
Importance of Careful Drafting and Completion of Standard Form Agreements	265	(1)
Expiration Date	265	(1)
Island Realty v. Bibbo	266	(2)
Amount of the Commission	268	(1)
Freeman v. San Diego Ass'n of Realtors	269	(2)
When Commission Is Due and Owing	271	(1)
Description of Property and Sale Terms	272	(1)
Conditions Precedent	272	(1)
Liability Limitations	272	(1)
Other Details	273	(1)
Responsibilities of Brokers/Agents	273	(1)
Authority	273	(1)
Antisolicitation Statutes	274	(1)
Duty of Care	274	(3)
Fiduciary Duty	275	(1)
Duty of Loyalty	276	(1)
Lombardo v. Albu	276	(1)
Legal Duties and Responsibilities to Third Parties	277	(6)
Misrepresentation	278	(1)
Nondisclosure	278	(1)
Robinson v. Grossman	279	(2)
``As Is'' Clauses	281	(1)
Statutory Duties of Disclosure	281	(1)
Disclosure, Discrimination, and Silence	282	(1)
Insurance Protection	283	(1)
Self-Protection	283	(1)
Licensing Requirements for Brokers/Agents	283	(4)
Requirements for Obtaining Licenses	283	(1)
Issuance of Licenses	284	(1)
Doing Business Without Licenses	284	(1)
Douglas v. Schuette	285	(2)
Exemptions from Licensing	287	(1)
Professional Organizations	287	(1)
Broker's/Agent's Legal Duties and Responsibilities to State	287	(4)
State	287	(1)
Suspension or Revocation of Real Estate License	288	(1)
Rights upon Suspension or Revocation	288	(1)
Dearborn v. Real Estate Agency	289	(2)
Relationships Among Brokers/Agents	291	(2)
Broker--Salesperson Relationship	291	(1)
Salesperson-Salesperson Relationship	291	(1)
Broker--Broker Relationship	291	(1)
Telluride Real Estate Company v. Penthouse Affiliates, LLC	292	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	293	(4)
Methods of Transfer and Conveyance in Real Estate	297	(36)
Transfer of Property by Deed	298	(8)
Requirements for Valid Deed	298	(2)
Michaelson v. Michaelson	300	(6)
Types of Deeds	306	(3)
Quitclaim Deed	306	(1)
Warranty Deed	306	(1)
Schorsch v. Blader	307	(1)
Special Warranty Deed	308	(1)
Deed of Bargain and Sale	309	(1)
Judicial Deed	309	(1)
Transfer of Property by Adverse Possession	309	(5)
Actual and Exclusive Possession	310	(1)
Open, Visible, and Notorious Possession	310	(1)
Continuous and Peaceable Possession	310	(1)
Hostile and Adverse Possession	311	(1)
Possession for Required Statutory Period	311	(1)
Schultz v. Dew	312	(2)
Observations About Adverse Possession	314	(1)
Transfer of Property by Inter Vivos Gifts	314	(2)
Donative Intent	315	(1)
Delivery	315	(1)
Acceptance	315	(1)
Transfer of Property by Will or Intestate Succession	316	(1)
Transfer of Property by Eminent Domain	316	(1)
Protection of Title	316	(12)
Recording	316	(5)
Gensheimer v. Kneisley	321	(1)
Torrens System	322	(1)
Title Abstracts	322	(1)
Title Insurance	322	(2)
The Title Policy	324	(2)
Somerset Savings Bank v. Chicago Title Insurance Company	326	(2)
Uniform Laws and Proposals	328	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	328	(5)
The Purchase Contract	333	(38)
Common Law Principles of Formation as Applied to Real Estate Contracts	333	(9)
Offer	333	(2)
Options	335	(1)
Board of Control of Eastern Michigan University v. Burgess	336	(2)
Acceptance	338	(1)
Gilmore v. Lujan	339	(2)
Consideration	341	(1)
Trengen v. Mongeon	341	(1)
Specific Requirements for Real Estate Contracts	342	(2)
Writing Requirements	343	(1)
Signature of Parties	343	(1)
Adequate Description of Property	344	(1)
Terms of Purchase Contracts	344	(17)
Property Identification	344	(1)
Earnest Money	345	(1)
Financing	345	(3)
Property Reports	348	(1)
Federal Disclosure Requirements	349	(1)
Condition of Premises	350	(2)
S Development Co. v. Pima Capital Management Co.	352	(3)
Environmental Contingency Clause	355	(1)
Risk of Loss	355	(1)
Recording the Contract	355	(1)
Closing Date and Escrow Instructions	356	(1)
Apportionments	356	(1)
Marketable Title	356	(2)
Remedies	358	(1)
Kelly v. Marx	359	(2)
Misrepresentation	361	(3)
Reed v. King	362	(2)
Disclosure Statutes	364	(1)
Psychological Disclosure Statutes	365	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	365	(6)
Financing in the Transfer of Real Estate	371	(48)
The Mortgage	371	(35)
Parties to the Mortgage	372	(1)
Title Theory versus Lien Theory	372	(1)
Siffring Farms, Inc. v. Juranek	373	(1)
Creation of Mortgage Relationship	374	(1)
First American Bank of New York v. Sloane	375	(1)
Federal Regulation of Mortgage Debt Instruments	376	(5)
Debtor's Rights in Mortgage Credit Transactions	381	(3)
Debtor's Rights with Recording	384	(1)
Terms of the Mortgage	384	(3)
Types of Mortgages	387	(3)
Rights and Responsibilities of Mortgagor and Mortgagee	390	(1)
Comerica Bank-Illinois v. Harris Bank Hinsdale	391	(2)
Property Covered by the Mortgage	393	(1)
Transfers and Assignments by Mortgagor	393	(2)
Transfers and Assignments of Mortgages by Mortgagees	395	(1)
Satisfaction of the Mortgage	395	(1)
Foreclosure	395	(3)
Rao v. Towers Partners, L.L. C.	398	(3)
Hull v. North Adams Hoosac Savings Bank	401	(1)
Loan Workouts	402	(1)
Proceeds and Priorities upon Foreclosure	403	(1)
Postforeclosure Remedies---The Deficiency Judgment	404	(1)
Kawai America Corp. v. Hilton	405	(1)
Deeds of Trust	406	(1)
Relationship to Mortgages	406	(1)
Duties and Responsibilities of the Trustee	407	(1)
Installment Land Contracts	407	(2)
The Forfeiture Aspect	407	(1)
Title Problems	408	(1)
Tax Consequences	408	(1)
Regulation Z Application	408	(1)
Subdivision Trusts	409	(1)
Alternative Financing Methods	410	(2)
Shared-Appreciation or Equity-Participation Financing Mortgages	410	(1)
Wrap-Around Mortgages	410	(1)
Exchange or Trades	411	(1)
Lease-Purchase Agreements	411	(1)
The Broker, Regulation Z, and Alternative Financing	411	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	412	(7)
Closing the Deal	419	(26)
The Nature of Closing	420	(1)
Where?	420	(1)
What?	420	(1)
Who?	420	(1)
The Closing Set-Up	421	(6)
Requirements for Setting Up the Escrow or Closing	421	(1)
Contents of Escrow or Closing Instructions	421	(2)
Documents to Be Delivered by Each Party	423	(1)
Cancellation of Escrow	424	(1)
Cancellations, Contingencies, and Contract Performance	424	(1)
Allan v. Martin	425	(2)
Responsibilities of the Lender in Closing---The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act	427	(10)
Purpose of Respa	427	(1)
Application of Respa	427	(1)
Disclosures Under Respa	428	(2)
Disclosures Relating to Assignments	430	(1)
Prohibited Conduct Under Respa	431	(1)
Culpepper v. Inland Mortg. Corp.	431	(3)
Consumer Rights on Questions on Mortgage Accounts	434	(1)
Durr v. Intercounty Title Co. of Illinois	435	(1)
Limitations on Escrow Deposits Under Respa	436	(1)
Escrow Agent's Responsibilities	437	(5)
Escrow Agent's Duty to Follow Instructions	437	(1)
First Montana Title Company of Billings v. North Point Square Association	438	(1)
Escrow Agent's Fiduciary Responsibilities	439	(1)
Baker v. Stewart Title & Trust of Phoenix, Inc.	440	(1)
Escrow Agent's Duty of Care	441	(1)
Boalright v. Texas American Title Company	441	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	442	(3)
Transferring Real Estate after Death: Wills, Estates, and Probate	445	(30)
Law of Wills, Estates, and Probate	446	(1)
Intestate Estates	446	(7)
Intestacy with No Surviving Spouse but with Descendants	447	(1)
Intestacy with No Surviving Spouse and No Descendants	447	(1)
Intestacy with No Surviving Relatives	447	(1)
Intestacy Terminology and Special Provisions	448	(2)
In the Matter of the Estate of Morris P. Van Der Veen	450	(3)
Wills	453	(14)
Purpose of a Will	453	(1)
Requirements for a Valid Will	454	(2)
Bracewell v. Bracewell	456	(3)
Will Contests	459	(2)
Ramsey v. Taylor	461	(3)
Disinheritance and Limitations on Distribution	464	(1)
Tortious Interference with Expectation of Inheritance	465	(1)
Living Wills	465	(1)
Living Trusts	466	(1)
Revocation of Wills	466	(1)
Probate	467	(3)
Purpose of Probate	467	(1)
Appointment of Party to Administer Probate	467	(1)
Application for or Opening of Probate	468	(1)
Collection of Assets	468	(1)
Determination and Payment of Debts	469	(1)
Distribution of Estate	469	(1)
Closing of Probate	470	(1)
Estate Tax Implications	470	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	470	(5)
PART 4: REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT
Zoning	475	(22)
Purposes	475	(1)
Authority	476	(1)
Methods	476	(18)
Use Restrictions	476	(1)
Petition of Carpenter	477	(2)
Intensity Zoning	479	(1)
Aesthetic Zoning	479	(1)
Houghtaling v. City of Medina Board of Zoning Appeals	480	(1)
Telecommunications, Aesthetic Zoning, and Nimbys	481	(1)
Exclusionary Zoning	482	(1)
Interim Zoning	482	(1)
Social Issue Zoning	483	(1)
Lim v. City of Long Beach	483	(2)
City of Edmonds v. Oxford House, Inc.	485	(2)
Zoning as a Taking	487	(1)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council	488	(2)
Procedural Aspects	490	(1)
Adoption of Zoning Regulations	490	(1)
Exceptions from Zoning Regulations	491	(1)
Nonconforming Uses	491	(2)
Money v. Zoning Hearing Board of Haverford Township	493	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	494	(3)
Constitutional Issues in Real Estate	497	(22)
Land Title and Constitutional Issues---Eminent Domain	497	(5)
Public Purpose	498	(1)
Taking or Regulating	498	(1)
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan Catv Corp. et al.	498	(2)
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission	500	(2)
Just Compensation	502	(1)
Constitutional Issues in Land-Use Restrictions	502	(4)
Zoning	502	(1)
Annexation	503	(1)
Future Interests	503	(1)
All-Adult Convenants	503	(1)
Schmidt v. Superior Court	503	(3)
Constitutional Issues in Transfer of Property	506	(10)
Application of the Fair Housing Act	507	(1)
Types of Discriminatory Conduct Under the Fair Housing Act	507	(2)
Meyer v. Holley	509	(3)
United States v. American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers	512	(1)
Section 8 Housing and the Fair Housing Act	513	(1)
The Americans with Disabilities Act and Fair Housing	513	(1)
Salute v. Stratford Greens Apartments	514	(2)
Penalties Under the Fair Housing Act	516	(1)
Due Process and Real Property	516	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	516	(3)
Environmental Law	519	(32)
Statutory Environmental Laws	519	(20)
Air Pollution Regulation	519	(3)
Water Pollution Regulation	522	(1)
Solid-Waste Disposal Regulation	523	(5)
Farmland Industries, Inc. v. Republic Insurance Co.	528	(1)
Acushnet Company v. Mohasco	529	(3)
Environmental Quality Regulation	532	(1)
Sierra Club v. United States Department of Transportation	532	(1)
Other Federal Environmental Regulations	533	(2)
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon	535	(2)
Bennett v. Spear	537	(2)
State Environmental Laws	539	(1)
Enforcement of Environmental Laws	539	(7)
Parties Responsible for Enforcement	539	(1)
Criminal Sanctions for Violations	540	(1)
United States v. Johnson & Towers, Inc.	540	(1)
Civil Liability for Violations	541	(1)
T&E Industries, Inc. v. Safety Light Corp.	542	(3)
Jordan v. Georgia Power Co.	545	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	546	(5)
Tax Aspects of Real Estate Ownership and Transfer	551	(18)
Property Taxes	551	(11)
Nordlinger v. Hahn	552	(1)
Assessment	553	(1)
C. R. Campbell Construction Co. v. City of Charleston	554	(1)
Methods of Valuation for Assessment	555	(1)
Mitsui Fudosan (U.S.A.), Inc. v. County of Los Angeles	556	(2)
Matter of Commerce Holding Corp. v. Board of Assessors of the Town of Babylon	558	(2)
Collection of Taxes	560	(2)
Income Tax and Real Property	562	(4)
Home Interest Deduction	562	(1)
Installment Sales	563	(1)
Sales of Property and Basis	563	(1)
Residential Property Sales, Basis, and Exclusions	564	(1)
Depreciation Issues in Real Estate	564	(1)
Property Exchanges	564	(1)
Capital Gains	565	(1)
Low Income Housing Credit	565	(1)
Real Estate Investment, Income, and Deductions	565	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	566	(3)
Legal Issues in Land Acquisition, Finance, and Development	569	(70)
Land Acquisition	569	(5)
Market Analysis	569	(1)
Governmental Analysis	570	(1)
Southern Nevada Homebuilders Association, Inc. v. City of North Las Vegas	571	(2)
White v. Metropolitan Dade County	573	(1)
Governmental Approval	574	(1)
Zoning	574	(1)
Protests of Residents Exercising Rights	575	(1)
Other Agency Approvals	575	(1)
Land Finance	575	(16)
The Basics of Real Estate Syndication	576	(1)
Syndication Forms---General Partnerships	576	(2)
Syndication Forms---Limited Partnerships	578	(1)
American National Ins. Co. v. Gilroy, Sims & Associates, Ltd.	579	(2)
Syndication Forms---Corporations	581	(2)
Syndication Forms---Limited Liability Companies (LLC)	583	(1)
Syndication Forms---Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP)	584	(1)
Syndication Forms-Investment Trusts	585	(1)
Securities Issues in Finance and Syndication	586	(5)
Land Improvement and Construction	591	(14)
Legal Paperwork for Development and Construction	591	(1)
Cappello v. Ciresi	592	(3)
Construction Stage	595	(2)
Sasser & Company v. Griffin	597	(3)
Hoth v. White	600	(2)
Substantial Performance by Contractor	602	(1)
Compliance with Building Codes	602	(1)
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act	603	(1)
Pinnock v. International House of Pancakes Franchisee	603	(2)
Sales of Sites	605	(1)
Cautions and Conclusions	605	(4)
Appendixes
Appendix A The U.S. Constitution (Excerpts)	609	(2)
Appendix B The Sherman Act	611	(2)
Appendix C The Fair Housing Act	613	(6)
Appendix D Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act (ILSFDA)	619	(6)
Appendix E Truth-In-Lending Act	625	(6)
Appendix F Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act	631	(8)
Glossary	639	(16)
Index	655