Hone your reading and writing skills as you enter freshman composition with the significance Real Reading and Writing puts on the connection between reading strateiges and academic success.
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Hone your reading and writing skills as you enter freshman composition with the significance Real Reading and Writing puts on the connection between reading strateiges and academic success.
Contents
Brief Contents
A Note to Students
Preface
Part 1 The Processes of Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking
1 Understand Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking
FOUR BASICS OF READING AND WRITING
First Basic: Follow a Thoughtful Process
Reading and Writing: Closely Linked Processes
Four Habits of Critical Thinkers
Second Basic: Pay Attention to Context— the Audience, Purpose, and Topic
Third Basic: Writers Make and Support a Point, and Readers Identify the Point and Supporting Details
Fourth Basic: Organize Support Effectively and Identify Organizational Patterns
Grammar, Spelling, and Vocabulary
The Four Basics: Put It All Together
Chapter Reading: Rachel Carter, I write Young Adult Essays, and I Refuse to Apologize for It
Chapter Review
2 Begin Well: Focus on Context and Audience
Make Connections: Find the Context
Preview to Identify Ideas
FOUR BASICS OF PREVIEWING
First Basic: Finding Audience, Purpose, and Topic
Second Basic: Finding a Personal Context
Third Basic: Asking Guiding Questions
Fourth Basic: Predicting Patterns of Organization
Prewrite to Find Ideas
FOUR BASICS OF PREWRITING
First Basic: Finding Audience, Purpose, and Topic
Second Basic: Narrowing Topics
Third Basic: Practicing Invention Strategies
Fourth Basic: Asking Guiding Questions
Chapter Reading: Barbara DeMarco-Barrett, Set Your Writing Free: Use This Technique to Spark Creativity and Loosen Your Inhibitions
Chapter Review
3 Read Well: Annotate to Understand Text
Practice Close Reading
The Four Basics of Annotation
FOUR BASICS OF ANNOTATION
First Basic: Pay Attention to Vocabulary
Second Basic: Find the Main Point
Third Basic: Identify Support and Method of Organization
Fourth Basic: Ask Questions and Make Connections
Reading: Taylor Mali, Making Kids Work Hard from What Teachers Make 0
Chapter Reading: Carl Honoré, In Praise of Slow Thinking
Chapter Review
4 Write Well: Develop Your Topic, Thesis, and Support
Drafting
FOUR BASICS OF THE DRAFTING PROCESS
First Basic: Identify a Preliminary Main Point
Consider the Size of the Assignment
State a Single Main Point or Position about a Topic
Be Specific
Choose a Point You Can illustrate, Explain, or Prove
Second Basic: Generate Support for Your Main Point
Select the Best Primary Support
Third Basic: Arrange Support for Your Main Point
Planning Paragraphs
Planning Support in an Essay: Mapping and Outlining
Fourth Basic: Write an Introduction and a Conclusion
Writing an Introduction
Writing a Conclusion
Relationship between Paragraphs and Essays
A Complete Draft
Chapter Reading: Gail Godwin, The Watcher at the Gates
Chapter Review
5 Finish Well: Review, Reflect, Respond, Revise, and Edit
Finish Well When Reading: Review, Reflect, and Respond
Reviewing
Reflecting and Responding
Finish Well When Writing: Revise and Edit
Revise Your Writing
FOUR BASICS OF REVISION
First Basic: Ensure Your Writing is Unified
Second Basic: Make Sure Your Writing is Well-Developed
Third Basic: Make Sure Your Writing is Coherent Checklist: Revising Your Writing
Fourth Basic: Use Peer Review to Obtain A Readers Perspective Checklist: Questions for Peer Reviewers
Final Tips for Revising Your Writing Checklist: Evaluating Your Revised Essay
Editing Your Writing
FOUR BASICS OF EDITING
Chapter Reading: Donald M. Murray, The Maker’s Eye
Chapter Review
6 Practice Critical Reading, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
Recognize Assumptions
Make Inferences
Inferring an Implied Main Idea
Identify the Writer’s Tone
Writing in Your Own Words: Paraphrasing
Reading and Writing Together: Summaries
FOUR BASICS OF A GOOD SUMMARY
Reading to Write a Summary: The Process
Drafting a Summary
Revising a Summary
Chapter Review
Part 2 Patterns for Reading and Writing Paragraphs and Essays
7 Narration and Description: Texts That Tell a Story
Understand What Narration Is
FOUR BASICS OF A GOOD NARRATION
Narration in the Classroom: Timelines
First Basic: Main Point in Narration
Second Basic: Major Events
Third Basic: Descriptive Details
Dialogue in Narration
Using Graphic Organizers to Identify Support
Fourth Basic: Organization in Narration
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Narration
Readand WritE Narration: Analyze and Respond
Student Narratives Dora Garcia, Beowulf and Me Lauren Mack, Gel Pens
Read and Analyze Professional Narratives Amy Tan, Fish Cheeks
Paraphrase
Writing Strategies in Action: Descriptive Details
Explore Grammar: Simple Sentences Pat Conroy, Chili Cheese Dogs, My Father, and Me
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: Dialogue
Build Vocabulary: Descriptive Words
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Narration Checklist: Writing a Narration
8 Illustration: Texts That Give Examples
Understand What Illustration Is
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD ILLUSTRATION
Illustration in the Classroom: Résumés
First Basic: Main Point in Illustration
Second Basic: Choosing Appropriate Examples
Third Basic: Adding Specific Details
Using Proper Nouns
Incorporating Quotes
Devising Hypothetical Examples
Using a Graphic Organizer
Fourth Basic: Organization in Illustration
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Illustration
Read and Write Illustration: Analyze and Respond
Student Illustration Inez King, Empathy James Carnill, You
Read and Analyze Professional Illustration Susan Adams, The Weirdest Job Interview Questions and How to Handle Them
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: Hypothetical Examples
Build Vocabulary: The Language of Specificity Dianne Hales, Why Are We So Angry?
Paraphrase
Writing Strategies in Action: Provide Credentials and Quote Experts
Explore Grammar: Commas after Introductory Dependent Clauses
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Illustration Checklist: Writing an Illustration
9 Process Analysis: Texts That Present a Sequence of Steps
Understand What Process Analysis Is
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD PROCESS ANALYSIS
Process Analysis in the Classroom: Diagramming a Sequence of Steps
First Basic: Main Point in Process Analysis
Second Basic: Identifying or Introducing Steps
Third Basic: Explaining and Supporting Steps
Using a Graphic Organizer to Identify Support
Fourth Basic: Organization in Process Analysis
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Process Analysis
Read and Write Process Analysis: Analyze and Respond
Student Process Analysis Ibrahim Alfaqeeh, Weddings in Saudi Arabia Jasen Beverly, My Pilgrimage
Professional Process Analysis Tara Parker-Pope, How to Boost Your Willpower
Paraphrase
Writing Strategies in Action: Introducs Steps Clearly
Explore Grammar: Active and Passive Verbs Samantha Levine-Finley, Isn’t It Time You Hit the Books?
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: Audience Awareness
Explore Grammar: Commas and Appositives
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Process AnalysisChecklist: Writing a Process Analysis
10 Classification: Texts That Analyze Through Grouping
Understand What Classification Is
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD CLASSIFICATION
Classification in the Classroom: Learning Specialized Words by Using Categories
First Basic: Main Point, Purpose, and Organizing Principles in Classification
Using a Colon in a Classification Thesis Statement
Second Basic: Major Support in Classification
Third Basic: Details in Classification
Consistent Structure
Using a Graphic Organizer
Fourth Basic: Organization in Classification
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Classification
Read and Write Classification: Analyze and Respond
Student Classification Lorenza Mattazi, All My MusicBeth Trimmer, Birth Order
Professional Classification
Stephanie Ericsson, The Ways We Lie
Paraphrase
Writing Strategies in Action: Use Consistent Structure
Explore Grammar: Parallel Structure Carolyn Foster Segal, The Dog Ate My Flash Drive, and Other Tales of Woe
Summarize
Build Vocabulary: Tone
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Classification Checklist: Writing a Classification
11 Comparison and Contrast: Texts That Show Similarity and Difference
Understand What Comparison and Contrast Are
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Comparison and Contrast in the Classroom: Reviewing for a Test
Reading Comparison and Contrast
Comparison and Contrast in the Classroom: Reviewing for a Test
First Basic: Main Point in Comparison and Contrast
Second Basic: Major Support in Comparison and Contrast
Third Basic: Develop Points of Comparisoon or Contrast wiuth Details
Using a Graphic Organizer
Fourth Basic: Organization in Comparison and Contrast
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Comparison and Contrast
Read and Write Comparison and Contrast: Analyze and Respond
Student Comparison and Contrast Said Ibrahim, Eyeglasses vs. Laser Surgery: Benefits and Drawbacks
Rui Dai, A Whiff of Memory
Professional Comparison and Contrast Dave Barry, The Ugly Truth about Beauty
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: A Tone of Comic Exaggeration
Explore Grammar: Using Quotes Within Quotes Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria
Paraphrase
Writing Strategies in Action: Use Demonstrative Words to Create Cohesion
Build Vocabulary: Recognize Borrowed Words and Proper Names
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Comparison and Contrast Checklist: Writing a Comparison and Contrast
12 Cause and Effect: Texts That Explain Reasons and Results
Understand What Cause and Effect Are
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD CAUSE AND EFFECT
Cause and Effect in the Classroom: Using Diagrams to Show a Chain of Events
Reading Cause and Effect
First Basic: Main Point in Cause and Effect
Second Basic: Identifying Causes and Effects
Avoid Logical Fallacies: Post Hoc and Slippery Slope
Third Basic: Supporting Details in Cause and Effect
Fourth Basic: Organization in Cause and Effect
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Cause and Effect
Read and Write Cause and Effect: Analyze and Respond
Student Cause and Effect
Caitlyn Prokop, A Difficult Decision with a Positive Outcome
Tyler Dashner, A Look at Academic Dishonesty
Professional Cause and Effect
John Tierney, Yes, Money Can Buy Happiness
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: Vary Use of Quotes
Explore Grammar: Use By-Modifiers Correctly
Steven Pinker, Are Your Genes to Blame?
Writing Strategies in Action: Vary Use of Quotes
Paraphrase
Build Vocabulary: Prefixes
Build Vocabulary: Affect and Effect
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Cause and Effect EssayChecklist: Writing a Cause and Effect Essay
13 Argument: Texts That Persuade
Understand What Argument Is
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD ARGUMENT
Argument in the Classroom: Online Discussions
First Basic: Main Point in Argument
Second Basic: Identifying and Writing Support in Argument
Identifying Reasons and Questioning Assumptions
Recognizing Different Types of Evidence
Evaluating the Evidence
Third Basic: Consider and Respond to Different Points of View
Fourth Basic: Organization in Argument
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Argument
Read and Write Argument: Analyze and Respond
Student Arguments Jason Yilmaz, A Learning Tool Whose Time Has ComeShari Beck, ’No’ to Social Media in Education
Professional Arguments Joanne Orlando, Is Two Hours of Screen Time Really Too Much for Kids?
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: Consider Opposing Points of View and Offer Alternatives
Explore Grammar: Brigitte Vittrup, Why It’s Wrong for Pediatricians to Eliminate Daily Screen Time Recommendations
Summarize
Writing Strategies in Action: Using Qualifiers to Avoid Overgeneralizations
Build Vocabulary: Compound Adjectives
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Argument Checklist: Writing an Argument
14 Research: Texts That Explore a Question and Synthesize Information
Understand What Research Is
FOUR BASICS OF GOOD RESEARCH
Steps in the Research Process
First Basic: Begin with a Question
Second Basic: Find Appropriate Sources
Consult a Reference Librarian
Use the Online Catalog
Look at Your Library’s Web Site
Use the Internet
Interview People
Third Basic: Evaluate and Synthesize Sources
Synthesize Information to Support a Thesis Statement
Fourth Basic: Cite and Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
Take Accurate Notes
Use MLA Format to Cite and Document Sources
Use In-Text Citations within Your Essay
Use a Works Cited List at the End of Your Essay
Read and Write Research: Analyze and Respond
Student Research Essay
Dara Riesler, Service Dogs Help Heal the Mental Wounds of War
Professional Research Essay
Rodrigo Villagomez, The Designer Player
Summarize
Writing Skills in Action: Paraphrase and Quotation in a Research Essay
Writing Skills in Action: Consider Audience and Source Selection
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Research Paper Checklist: Writing a Research Essay
Part 3 The Four Most Serious Errors
15 The Basic Sentence: An Overview
The Parts of Speech
The Basic Sentence
Verbs
Subjects
Completeness
Six Basic English Sentence Patterns
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
16 Fragments: Incomplete Sentences
Understand What Fragments Are
Language and Writing
Find and Correct Fragments
1. Fragments That Start with Prepositions
2. Fragments That Start with Dependent Words
3. Fragments That Start with -ing Verb Forms
4. Fragments That Start with To and a Verb
5. Fragments That Are Examples or Explanations
Edit for Fragments
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Fragments
17 Run-Ons: Two Sentences Joined Incorrectly
Understand What Run-Ons Are
In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Run-Ons?
Find and Correct Run-Ons
Add a Period
Add a Semicolon
Add a Semicolon, a Conjunctive Adverbial, and a Comma
Add a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction
Add a Dependent Word
Special Considerations: Two Situations That Cause Run-Ons
The Word Then
Introducing a Quotation
Edit for Run-Ons
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Run-Ons
18 Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement: When Subjects and Verbs Don’t Match
Understand What Subject-Verb Agreement Is
In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement?
Find and Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement
1. The Verb Is a Form of Be, Have, or Do
2. Words Come between the Subject and the Verb
3. The Sentence Has a Compound Subject
4. The Subject Is an Indefinite Pronoun
5. The Verb Comes before the Subject
Subject-Verb Agreement in Partial Quotations
Edit for Subject-Verb Agreement
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement
19 Verb Tense: Using Verbs to Express Different Times
Understand What Verb Tense Is
In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Use the Correct Verb Tense?
Use Verbs Correctly
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Perfect Tenses and Past Participles
Passive Voice and Past Participles
Consistency of Verb Tense
Edit for Verb Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Verb-Tense Errors
Part 4 Other Grammar Concerns
20 Pronouns: Using Substitutes for Nouns
Understand What Pronouns Are
Use Pronouns Correctly
Identify Pronouns
Check for Pronoun Agreement
Make Pronoun Reference Clear
Use the Right Type of Pronoun
Make Pronouns Consistent in Person
Edit for Pronoun Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Pronoun Problems
21 Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Descriptive Words
Understand What Adjectives and Adverbs Are
Use Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly
Choosing between Adjectives and Adverbs
Using Adjectives and Adverbs in Comparisons
Using Good, Well, Bad, and Badly Edit for Adjective and Adverb Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Correct Usage of Adjectives and Adverbs
22 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers: Avoiding Confusing Descriptions
Understand What Misplaced Modifiers Are
Find and Correct Misplaced Modifiers
Understand What Dangling Modifiers Are
Find Correct Dangling Modifiers
Edit for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
23 Parallelism: Balancing Ideas
Understand What Parallelism Is
Write Parallel Sentences
Parallelism in Pairs and Lists
Parallelism in Comparisons
Parallelism with Certain Paired Words
Edit for Parallelism Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Parallelism
24 Sentence Variety: Finding a Rhythm for Your Writing
Understand What Sentence Variety Is
Create Sentence Variety
Join Ideas Together to Lengthen Sentences: Coordination
Join Ideas Together: Subordination
Other Ways to Join Ideas
Join Ideas Using an -ing Verb
Join Ideas Using a Past Participle
Join Ideas Using an Appositive
Join Ideas Using an Adjective Clause
Strategies for Changing Sentence Opener
Start Some Sentences with Adverbs
Start Some Sentences with Prepositions or Infinitives
Edit for Sentence Variety
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Sentence Variety
25 ESL Concerns: Trouble Spots for Multilingual Students
Basic Sentence Patterns
Statements
Negatives
Questions There Is and There Are Pronouns
Confusing Subject and Object Pronouns
Confusing Gender
Leaving Out a Pronoun
Using a Pronoun to Repeat a Subject
Using Relative Pronouns
Verbs
The Simple Tenses
The Perfect Tenses
The Progressive Tenses
Modal (Helping) Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives
Articles
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Count and Noncount Nouns
Prepositions
Prepositions after Adjectives
Prepositions after Verbs
Separable vs. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
Edit for Preposition Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Part 5 Word Use
26 Vocabulary and Word Choice: Finding the Right Word
Understand the Importance of Building Vocabulary and Choosing Words Carefully
Recognize Context Clues
Understand Word Parts
Use Dictionaries
Use Thesauruses
Avoiding Four Common Word-Choice Problems
Vague and Abstract Words
Slang
Wordy Language
Clichés
Edit for Word Choice
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Word Choice
27 Spelling and Commonly Confused Words
Understand and Correct Spelling Mistakes
Use a Dictionary
Use a Spell Checker—with Caution
Use Proofreading Techniques
Make a Personal Spelling List
Strategies for Becoming a Better Speller
Master Commonly Confused Words
Learn Six Spelling Rules
Exceptions When Forming Plurals
Consult a List of Commonly Misspelled Words
Use Commonly Confused Words Correctly
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Part 6 Punctuation and Capitalization
28 Commas
Understand What Commas Do
Use Commas Correctly
Commas between Items in a Series
Commas between Coordinate and Cumlative Adjectives
Commas in Compound Sentences
Commas after Introductory Words
Commas around Appositives and Interrupters
Commas around Adjective Clauses
Other Uses for Commas
Edit for Commas
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
29 Apostrophes
Understand What Apostrophes Do
Use Apostrophes Correctly
Apostrophes to Show Ownership
Apostrophes in Contractions
Apostrophes with Letters, Numbers, and Time
Edit for Apostrophes
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
30 Quotation Marks
Understand What Quotation Marks Do
Use Quotation Marks Correctly
Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations
No Quotation Marks for Indirect Quotations
Quotation Marks for Certain Titles
Edit for Quotation Marks
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
31 Other Punctuation
Understand What Punctuation Does
Use Other Punctuation Correctly
Semicolon ( ; )
Colon ( : )
Parentheses ( ( ) )
Dash ( -- )
Hyphen ( - )
Edit for Other Punctuation Marks
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
32 Capitalization: Using Capital Letters
Understand Capitalization
Use the Three Rules of Capitalization
Capitalization of Sentences
Capitalization of Names of Specific People, Places, Dates, and Things
Capitalization of Titles 000
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing Review Tests
Index
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