The Reality of Precaution

by Wiener, Jonathan B.; Rogers, Michael D.; Hammitt, James K.; Sand, Peter H.

• ISBN13: 9781933115863
• ISBN10: 1933115866
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-10-30
• Publisher: Resources for the Future

Summary

The 'Precautionary Principle'-allowing or favoring regulation of risks despite uncertainty - has been at the center of debates about European and U.S. risk management since the 1990s. Does adopting the precautionary principle protect us against uncertain risks, or does it inhibit progress and introduce new risks? Has Europe become 'more precautionary' than the United States? The Reality of Precaution is the first study to go beyond the rhetoric of precaution as an abstract principle and test the reality of precaution in practice. Challenging conventional wisdom about European and U.S. approaches to risk regulation, this groundbreaking resource finds that since the 1970s there has been little transatlantic difference in the overall level of precaution, but that instead there have been variations in precaution across particular individual risks. For example, while Europe has been more precautionary regarding genetically modified foods, beef hormones, toxic chemicals, and climate change, the U.S. has been more precautionary regarding mad cow disease, air pollution, ozone depletion, and terrorism. Moreover, both the U.S. and Europe have adopted systems of regulatory oversight through impact assessment.Combining a dozen case studies, a quantitative analysis of almost 3,000 risks, and cross-cutting chapters on politics, law, and risk perceptions, this book argues that the relationship between U.S. and European regulatory approaches is best understood not as conflict or competition, nor in terms of divergence or reversal, but rather as a process of selective application of precaution to particular risks, and a continuing exchange of ideas yielding mutual cooperation and hybridization. The Reality of Precaution advises policymakers in both the U.S. and Europe to compare actual regulatory experience, to borrow useful policy designs, and to seek optimal (not maximal) precaution that accounts fully for risks, costs, and ancillary impacts.

Author Biography

Jonathan B. Wiener Perkins Professor of Law, Environmental Policy, and Public Policy at Duke University, and a University Fellow at RFF. Michael D. Rogers is an independent consultant on risk, science, and ethics, and a former member of the Bureau of European Policy Advisers reporting to the President of the European Commission. James K. Hammitt is Professor of Economics and Decision Sciences at Harvard University, and at the Toulouse School of Economics. Peter H. Sand is Lecturer in International Environmental Law at the University of Munich.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
Introduction
The Rhetoric of Precaution	p. 3
Case Studies of Relative Precaution Regarding Specific Risks
Genetically Modified Foods and Crops	p. 39
Beef, Hormones, and Mad Cows	p. 65
Tobacco	p. 91
Nuclear Power	p. 121
Automobile Emissions	p. 142
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Global Climate Change	p. 159
The Marine Environment	p. 177
Biodiversity Conservation	p. 201
Chemicals	p. 223
Medical Errors, New Drug Approval, and Patient Safety	p. 257
Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction	p. 285
Precaution in Risk Information Systems
Information Disclosure	p. 323
Frameworks for Risk Assessment, Uncertainty, and Precaution	p. 361
A Broader Empirical Test of Relative Precaution
A Quantitative Comparison of Relative Precaution in the United States and Europe, 1970-2004	p. 377
Can We Explain the Observed Pattern of Precaution?
Political Institutions and the Principle of Precaution	p. 411
Legal and Administrative Systems: Implications for Precautionary Regulation	p. 434
Risk Perceptions and Risk Attitudes in the United States and Europe	p. 480
Precautions against What? Perceptions, Heuristics, and Culture	p. 492
Conclusions
The Real Pattern of Precaution	p. 519
Acknowledgments	p. 567
Index	p. 571
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