Reconstructing Hum Org 2E PA

by Conroy,Glenn

• ISBN13: 9780393925906
• ISBN10: 0393925900
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-12-29
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

This dynamic introduction to paleoanthropology presents the fossil evidence for human evolution and demonstrates how anthropologists interpret this evidence in light of the most current research. Addressing some of the most central questions in paleoanthropology--where did we come from? is the emergence of humans an evolutionary anomaly?--Professor Conroy explores with clarity and enthusiasm the promise and challenges of this exciting field. The Second Edition has been significantly expanded and reorganized for greater accessibility. New and Expanded CoverageIn addition to Professor Conroy's newly included essay, Brainteasers, which compares hot issues and non-issues in human evolution, the Second Edition includes: New discussions of Sahelanthropus , Orrorin , Ardipithecus , Kenyanthropus , and newly discovered species of Australopithecus . New discussions of the oldest hominins from Europe, including those from Dmanisi (Georgia) and Atapuerca (Spain). New molecular evidence regarding the multiregional versus out-of-Africa hypotheses. A new, comprehensive bibliography arranged in the style of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology . Reorganized and RevisedTo accommodate new material and make the text more accessible and useful for lectures, the Second Edition has been expanded from ten to thirteen chapters. New coverage includes a clarifying introduction, in chapter 1, to basic primate dental and postcranial anatomy and an engaging treatment, in chapter 2, of climatic aspects of the Plio-Pleistocene world that influenced evolution. Remaining material has been rigorously revised and reorganized, integrating the diverse aspects of human evolution into a clear narrative. Pedagogically Useful Art ProgramReconstructing Human Origins features an extensive art program that contextualizes and expands upon information and concepts in the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Organization of This Text	xviii
Changes in the Second Edition	xx
Taxonomy Used in This Text	xxii
Humans As Primates	2	(22)
Introduction	3	(1)
What Distinguishes Humans From Other Primates?	4	(10)
Basic Primate Morphology	14	(10)
Cranial Morphology	14	(3)
Dental Morphology	17	(4)
Postcranial Morphology	21	(3)
The Plio-Pleistocene World	24	(32)
Reconstructing the Plio-Pleistocene World	25	(1)
Evidence of Climatic Change from Glacial Stratigraphy	26	(4)
Summary of Plio-Pleistocene Glaciations	30	(1)
Evidence of Climatic Change from Deep-Sea Cores	31	(3)
Causes of Climatic Change During the Plio-Pleistocene	34	(5)
Carbon Isotope Analyses	39	(3)
The Plio-Pleistocene Time Scale	42	(1)
The Contribution of Geomagnetic Reversal Studies	43	(2)
The Archeological Time Scale	45	(6)
Effects of Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene Climates on Hominin Evolution	51	(5)
Finding and Dating Fossil Hominins	56	(24)
Introduction	57	(1)
Finding Fossil Hominins	57	(5)
Dating Fossil Hominins	62	(1)
Relative Dating	62	(2)
Absolute Dating: Radiometric and Other Techniques	64	(15)
Carbon-14	67	(3)
Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon	70	(2)
Uranium Series	72	(3)
Fission Track	75	(1)
Thermoluminescence and Electron Spin Resonance	76	(2)
Amino Acid Racemization	78	(1)
Summary of Absolute Dating Techniques	79	(1)
Naming and Classifying Fossil Hominins	80	(16)
Introduction	81	(1)
Three Analytical Levels of Classification and Phylogeny	82	(3)
Two Schools of Classification	85	(2)
The Problems of Classification	87	(5)
The Tempo and Mode of Human Evolution	92	(4)
Before the Bipeds: Human Antecedents among the Miocene Hominoids	96	(42)
Introduction	97	(2)
Africa in the Miocene	99	(7)
East Africa in the Miocene	102	(4)
Eurasia in the Miocene	106	(1)
Overview of Miocene Hominoids	107	(1)
Characteristics of Early Miocene Hominoids (Proconsul)	107	(10)
Characteristics of Middle to Late Miocene Hominoids	117	(13)
Summary of Craniodental Adaptations of Middle Miocene Hominoids	130	(1)
The Role of Molecular Clocks in Hominoid Classification	130	(5)
Speculations	135	(3)
The Earliest Hominins (Part 1): The Australopiths of Southern Africa	138	(46)
Introduction	139	(5)
The Australopiths of Southern Africa: The Setting	144	(20)
Taung	145	(2)
Sterkfontein	147	(7)
Kromdraai	154	(1)
Makapansgat	155	(4)
Swartkrans	159	(3)
Newer Sites: Gladysvale, Drimolen, Gondolin	162	(2)
Summary of Southern African Sites	164	(2)
The Australopiths of Southern Africa: The Players	166	(18)
Australopithecus africanus	166	(2)
Australopithecus robustus	168	(16)
The Earliest Hominins (Part 2): The Australopiths of Eastern Africa	184	(48)
The Australopiths of Eastern Africa: The Setting	185	(26)
Some Early Pliocene Hominin Sites from East Africa: Lothagam, Lukeino, Ngorora, Tabarin, Fejej	186	(1)
Orrorin and Sahelanthropus: The Earliest Hominins?	187	(2)
Major Sites of the Middle Awash (Ethiopia): Aramis, Belohdelie, Maka, Konso, Hadar	189	(7)
Major Lake Turkana Sites: Kanapoi, Allia Bay, Koobi Fora, Nachukui (Kenya)	196	(5)
Omo Group: Northern Turkana Basin (Kenya and Ethiopia)	201	(1)
Shungura and Usno Formations (Ethiopia)	202	(3)
Laetoli (Tanzania)	205	(2)
Olduvai (Tanzania)	207	(4)
Summary of East African Sites	211	(3)
The Australopiths of Eastern Africa: The Players	214	(15)
Ardipithecus ramidus and Ar. kadabba	215	(2)
Australopithecus anamensis	217	(1)
Australopithecus afarensis	218	(6)
Australopithecus garhi	224	(1)
Australopithecus boisei	225	(3)
Kenyanthropus platyops	228	(1)
Comparison of Gracile and Robust Australopiths	229	(3)
Australopith Paleobiology and Phylogeny	232	(62)
Introduction	233	(1)
Craniofacial Morphology	234	(10)
Body Size and Brain Size	244	(1)
Bipedal Locomotion: Morphology and Biomechanical Principles	245	(17)
Origins of Bipedalism: The Fossil Evidence	253	(1)
Locomotor Adaptations in A. afarensis	253	(9)
Locomotor Adaptations in Other Australopiths	262	(7)
Paleopediatrics: Australopiths and Obstetrics	269	(3)
Behavioral Theories for the Evolution of Bipedalism	272	(3)
Seed-Eating, Sex, Reproduction, and Learning	275	(11)
Phylogeny and Classification: Current Issues and Debates	286	(8)
The Emergence of Culture and the Origins of the Genus Homo	294	(50)
Introduction	295	(1)
What is Culture?	295	(7)
The Evolution of Culture in Early Hominins	296	(1)
The Oldowan Tradition	297	(4)
The Acheulean Tradition	301	(1)
Overview of the Genus Homo	302	(4)
The Discovery of ``Handyman'': Homo Habilis	306	(4)
Morphological Features of Homo Habilis	310	(4)
Homo Habilis: One Species or Two?	314	(7)
Have the Limits of Homo Been Stretched Too Far?	321	(4)
Early Hominin Lifestyles: Tinker, Tailer, Scavenger, Hunter?	325	(1)
The Debate Over ``Man the Hunter''	326	(11)
Thermoregulation and Bipedalism	337	(7)
Quo Vadis Homo erectus?	344	(68)
Introduction	345	(2)
Homo Erectus From Southeast Asia (Central and East Java)	347	(19)
The Ngandong (Solo River) Sample	359	(2)
Taxonomic Issues Regarding the Javan Homo erectus Sample	361	(2)
Age of Javan Homo erectus	363	(3)
Homo Erectus from East Asia (China)	366	(22)
Homo erectus from Zhoukoudian	366	(15)
Other Homo erectus Sites from China: Lantian, Yuanmou, Jian Shi, Hexian, Yiyuan, Yunxian	381	(7)
Homo Erectus in Africa?	388	(15)
Possible Homo erectus from North Africa	389	(2)
Possible Homo erectus from East Africa	391	(11)
Possible Homo erectus in Southern Africa	402	(1)
Current Issues and Debates	403	(9)
Almost There---But Not Quite: ``Archaic'' Hominins of the Middle Pleistocene	412	(38)
Introduction	413	(3)
The First Archaic Hominins Out of Africa	416	(1)
Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia)	417	(2)
The Older Archaic Hominin Group	419	(11)
Gran Dolina (Atapuerca), Spain	420	(2)
Boxgrove	422	(1)
Mauer	422	(1)
Vertesszollos	423	(1)
Bilzingsleben	424	(2)
Petralona	426	(2)
Arago	428	(1)
Ceprano	428	(2)
The Younger Archaic Hominin Group	430	(9)
Steinheim	430	(1)
Swanscombe	431	(1)
Reilingen	432	(1)
Biache	432	(1)
Ehringsdorf	432	(1)
Montmaurin	432	(2)
Atapuerca (Sima de los Huesos)	434	(5)
Some Dental Trends in Middle Pleistocene Archaic Hominins	439	(1)
Archaic Hominins from China	440	(3)
Archaic Hominins from Africa	443	(7)
Kabwe (Broken Hill) and Saldanha (Hopefield) Crania	443	(3)
Bodo	446	(2)
Ndutu	448	(1)
Eyasi	448	(1)
Turkana Region	449	(1)
Between Apes and Humanity: ``Modern'' Human Origins	450	(44)
Introduction	451	(12)
Current Issues and Debates Over Modern Human Origins: Out of Africa or Multiregional Continuity?	463	(2)
What Do the Molecules Say?	465	(7)
All about ``Eve''	465	(7)
Criticisms of the Out of Africa Model	472	(18)
The Limitations of mtDNA	478	(3)
Of Molecules and Men: Tales from the Y Chromosome	481	(3)
A Rush to Judgment?	484	(1)
A Third Choice: The ``Weak Garden of Eden'' Hypothesis	485	(5)
Conclusions: A ``Mostly'' Out of Africa Model	490	(4)
What the Fossils Say About ``Modern'' Human Origins: A Reality Check	494	(81)
Introduction	495	(2)
Fossil Evidence from Africa	497	(15)
South Africa	497	(1)
Die Kelders	497	(2)
Equus Cave	499	(1)
Border Cave	499	(1)
Klasies River	500	(3)
Florisbad	503	(1)
East Africa	504	(1)
Ethiopia: Middle Awash (Herto, Aduma), Omo	504	(3)
Tanzania, Kenya (Ngaloba, Eliye Springs)	507	(1)
North Africa	508	(1)
Mugharet el Aliya, Rabat, Dar-es-Soltane, Zouhra	508	(1)
Jebel Irhoud	509	(3)
Fossil Evidence From Europe: The Neandertal Question	512	(35)
Neandertal Morphology	517	(8)
Cultural Capacities of Neandertals	525	(7)
Neandertal mtDNA	532	(6)
Central Europe	538	(9)
Fossil Evidence from the Near East	547	(13)
Mount Carmel Caves (Skhul and Tabun)	549	(6)
Qafzeh and Kebara	555	(2)
Shanidar	557	(2)
Zuttiyeh	559	(1)
Summing Up the Near East Record	560	(2)
Fossil Evidence from Australasia	562	(13)
East Asia	563	(2)
Australia	565	(10)
Epilogue	575	(7)
Brainteasers	577	(3)
Conroy's Manifesto	580	(2)
Glossary	582	(14)
References	596	(65)
Index	661