Refining Composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar

by Smalley, Regina L.; Ruetten, Mary K.; Kozyrev, Joann Rishel

• ISBN13: 9780838402238
• ISBN10: 0838402232
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-03-15
• Publisher: Heinle ELT

Summary

This Best-Selling writing book integrates instruction in rhetorical devices with practice in acquiring relevant grammatical structures.

Table of Contents

Unit One The Paragraph	1	(102)
The Writing Process	1	(10)
Getting Started	2	(1)
Journal Writing	2	(1)
CNN® Video Activity: ``The 37,000-Page Diary''	3	(1)
In this clip, CNN interviews a man who has kept a diary for over 30 years. He talks about why he keeps the diary and reads a few segments from important moments in his life
Video Follow-up: Discussion Questions	3	(1)
The Process of Writing	3	(1)
Prewriting	3	(5)
Generating Ideas	4	(1)
Invention Techniques	4	(1)
Brainstorming	4	(1)
Freewriting	5	(1)
WH-Questions	6	(1)
Clustering	6	(2)
Composition Skills and the Internet	8	(1)
Planning	8	(1)
Drafting	8	(1)
Revising	8	(3)
Editing	9	(2)
Introduction to the Paragraph	11	(25)
Getting Started	12	(1)
CNN® Video Activity: ``Learning to Read and Write''	12	(1)
This video shows children learning by the whole language method, explains how this method works, and describes what parents, teachers, and children think of it
Video Follow-up: Discussion Questions	12	(1)
What Is a Paragraph?	13	(1)
The Topic of a Paragraph	13	(4)
Prewriting: Planning	14	(3)
The Topic Sentence	17	(8)
Improving the Topic Sentence	19	(2)
Recognizing the Topic Sentence	21	(3)
Formulating the Topic Sentence	24	(1)
Prewriting: Generating Ideas	24	(1)
Support	25	(3)
Prewriting: Planning	25	(3)
Unity	28	(2)
Coherence	30	(5)
Composition Skills and the Internet	34	(1)
Composition Skills	35	(1)
Revision	35	(1)
Peer Review	35	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Paragraph	35	(1)
The Narrative Paragraph	36	(18)
Getting Started	37	(1)
CNN® Video Activity: ``Messages for Princess Diana of England''	37	(1)
When Princess Diana died, many people wrote poems, notes, and letters to leave at her memorial sites. In this clip, people reflect on why they were moved to write these messages
Video Follow-up: Discussion Questions	37	(1)
Readings: Personal Reflections	37	(7)
From ``My American Journey''	38	(1)
In this excerpt, General Colin Powell, whose parents were born in Jamaica, tells the story of his visit to the village where his father was born and his first feelings upon meeting his extended family
``The Best Part''	39	(2)
In this paragraph, Mary Kay Mackin reflects on Christmas holidays she has spent with her family and comes to a conclusion about the part she likes best
``The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl''	41	(3)
In this essay, which first appeared in the Los Angeles Times, Elizabeth Wong tells of her painful experiences growing up in the bicultural atmosphere of Los Angeles' Chinatown. She describes the difficulty of being Chinese on the outside but American on the inside.
Writing	44	(4)
Present Narration	44	(2)
Composition Skills and the Internet	46	(2)
Composition Skills	48	(1)
Coherence	48	(1)
Adverbials of Time and Sequence	48	(1)
Grammar Review	48	(1)
Past Narration	49	(2)
Composition Skills	51	(1)
Coherence	51	(1)
Adverbial Clauses of Time	51	(1)
Composition Skills and the Internet	51	(1)
Grammar Review	51	(1)
Composition Skills	52	(2)
Revision	52	(1)
Peer Review	52	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Narrative Paragraph	53	(1)
The Descriptive Paragraph	54	(21)
Getting Started	55	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``Yosemite National Park''	55	(1)
This clip describes some of the beautiful natural views that can be seen at Yosemite but also shows how a visit to Yosemite can be affected by the thousands of other people who are visiting the park
Video Follow-up: Freewriting	55	(1)
Readings: Important People, Important Places	55	(6)
``Uncle Kwok''	56	(3)
In this selection from Fifth Chinese Daughter, Jade Snow Wong presents a memorable portrait of her Uncle Kwok. She describes his physical appearance and his actions from the time he entered the Wong factory until he gets settled at his job
From ``Beyond the Sun''	59	(2)
In this excerpt from an article which appeared in Traveler magazine, David Butler describes Finnish Lapland as he saw it on a cross-country skiing trip one winter
Writing	61	(4)
Description of a Place	62	(3)
Composition Skills and the Internet	65	(1)
Activities	65	(1)
Composition Skills	65	(2)
Coherence	65	(1)
Adverbs of Place	65	(1)
Modification: Specific Details	66	(1)
Grammar Review	67	(4)
Description of a Person	68	(3)
Composition Skills	71	(2)
Coherence	71	(1)
Adjective Clauses	71	(2)
Grammar Review	73	(1)
Composition Skills	74	(1)
Revision	74	(1)
Peer Review	74	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Descriptive Paragraph	74	(1)
The Expository Paragraph	75	(28)
Getting Started	76	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``The Artwork of Petroglyphs''	76	(1)
This report shows rock art made by Native Americans between 500 and 2,000 years ago. An archeologist explains what some of the rock art means
Video Follow-up: Creating Pictographs	76	(1)
Composition Skills and the Internet	76	(1)
Readings: Arts and Entertainment	76	(6)
From ``Survival''	77	(3)
Margaret Atwood, born in 1939, is a well-known Canadian novelist and poet. In the following reading, taken from the introduction to her 1972 book Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature, Atwood describes her reading experiences as a youth. She explains that even though she was almost unaware of Canadian authors, she found delight in the few she did read.
``Jackie Chan''	80	(2)
In this reading, students learn a little bit about the Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan. The author explains what has made Chan such a popular and well-liked film star
Writing	82	(11)
Support of the Generalization	84	(1)
Specific Details	84	(4)
Examples	88	(4)
Illustrations and Anecdotes	92	(1)
Composition Skills	93	(7)
Coherence	93	(1)
Organization of Details and Examples	93	(3)
Transitional Words and Phrases	96	(4)
Composition Skills and the Internet	100	(1)
Grammar Review	100	(3)
Revision	101	(1)
Peer Review	101	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Expository Paragraph	101	(2)
Unit Two The Essay	103	(196)
Introduction to the Essay	103	(24)
Getting Started	104	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``A Case of Plagiarism of Romance Novels''	104	(1)
This clip examines the writing of two writers of romance novels. One writer has admitted to plagiarizing the work of the other
Video Follow-up: Gathering Information about the Consequences of Plagiarism	104	(1)
Composition Skills and the Internet	105	(1)
Introduction to the Essay	105	(1)
The Thesis Statement	105	(3)
The Introduction	108	(4)
Prewriting: Planning	109	(3)
The Developmental Paragraphs	112	(9)
Prewriting: Planning	113	(8)
The Conclusion	121	(3)
The Outline	124	(2)
Prewriting: Planning	124	(2)
Composition Skills	126	(1)
Revision	126	(1)
Peer Review	126	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Essay	126	(1)
The Example Essay	127	(26)
Getting Started	128	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``The Lost Language of the Wanino Tribe''	128	(1)
This documentary shows how men and women from the Wanino tribe are learning to speak the language of their ancestors using recently discovered tape recordings of a woman who spoke the language. The people who are studying this lost language comment on the connection between language and culture.
Video Follow-up: Sharing Your own Experiences	128	(1)
Readings: The Power of Culture and Language	128	(9)
``How Unwritten Rules Circumscribe Our Lives''	129	(3)
In this article, Bob Greene writes about the unwritten cultural rules in our lives. Greene gives multiple examples of the rules we follow without even thinking about them.
Composition Skills and the Internet	132	(1)
``Americanization Is Tough on Macho''	133	(4)
In this essay, which first appeared in Rose Del Castillo Guilbault's column for This World, she gives an example of the power of language. She shows how a particular Spanish word has come to have different meanings in different cultures.
Writing	137	(6)
Number of Examples	137	(3)
Choice of Examples	140	(3)
Composition Skills	143	(7)
Coherence	143	(1)
Organization of Examples	143	(1)
Transitions Between Paragraphs	143	(1)
Transitions to Introduce Examples	144	(3)
Repetition of Key Words and Phrases	147	(3)
Grammar Review	150	(3)
Revision	152	(1)
Peer Review	152	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Example Essay	152	(1)
The Comparison and Contrast Essay	153	(30)
Getting Started	154	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``Workplace Communication: Gender Differences''	154	(1)
This report examines the growth of the communication training industry and notes that women are often the target market for communication training seminars, tapes, and books. The clip includes a short interview with Deborah Tannen and other communication experts.
Video Follow-up: Brainstorming	154	(1)
Composition Skills and the Internet	155	(1)
Readings: Styles of Communication	155	(8)
``Conversational Ballgames''	155	(4)
In this excerpt from her textbook Polite Fictions, Nancy Masterson Sakamoto explains the difference between Japanese and American conversation styles. She uses an analogy that compares each conversation style to a particular sport.
``Intimacy and Independence''	159	(4)
This excerpt from Deborah Tannen's book You Just Don't Understand examines the different ways that American men and women view decision making. She notes that the different notions of communication that women and men have can lead to conflict between couples.
Writing	163	(10)
Points of Comparison	164	(1)
Emphasis on Comparison or Contrast	165	(1)
Patterns of Organization	165	(8)
Composition Skills	173	(7)
Coherence	173	(1)
Transitions for Comparison and Contrast	173	(7)
Grammar Review	180	(3)
Revision	181	(1)
Peer Review	181	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Comparison and Contrast Essay	182	(1)
The Classification Essay	183	(29)
Getting Started	184	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``Museum of Product Failures''	184	(1)
This report shows people visiting a very special museum which houses a collection of new products that were unsuccessful. People in marketing often visit this museum to help them understand why products succeed and fail.
Video Follow-up: Finding Out More about Products	185	(1)
Readings: Advertising and Consumers	185	(12)
``Weasel Words''	186	(8)
In this excerpt from his popular book Doublespeak, William Lutz examines the words that many advertisers choose to make misleading but legal claims for products they wish to sell.
Composition Skills and the Internet	194	(1)
``Motivation''	194	(3)
In this excerpt from a college textbook, the authors explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs and show how advertisers can appeal to each type of need to influence consumers' buying behavior.
Writing	197	(8)
The Principle of Classification	198	(2)
Making the Classification Complete	200	(1)
Composition Skills and the Internet	201	(1)
Organizing the Classification Essay	201	(1)
Introducing the Categories	202	(3)
Composition Skills	205	(4)
Introductory Paragraphs	205	(1)
The Turnabout	205	(2)
Coherence	207	(1)
Transitions for Classification	207	(2)
Grammar Review	209	(3)
Revision	210	(1)
Peer Review	210	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Classification Essay	210	(2)
The Process Analysis Essay	212	(26)
Getting Started	213	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``Profile of a Communications Software Company''	213	(1)
This clip features Hilgraeve, a small software company which has found its niche in communications software. The founders of the company talk about how their company got started and what they believe they must do to continue to be successful.
Video Follow-up: Using the Internet	213	(1)
Readings: The World of the Internet	213	(11)
``The Life of e-mail''	213	(3)
This magazine article traces the path an e-mail message follows as it travels from the sender's computer to the receiver.
``A Brief History of the Internet and the World Wide Web''	216	(8)
This textbook reading follows the development of the Internet from the first connection between two computers in the 1960s to today's worldwide networking capabilities
Writing	224	(9)
Planning the Process Analysis Essay	224	(2)
Composition Skills and the Internet	226	(1)
Organizing the Process Analysis Essay	227	(6)
Composition Skills	233	(3)
Introductory Paragraphs	233	(1)
The Dramatic Entrance	233	(2)
Coherence	235	(1)
Participial Phrases	235	(1)
Grammar Review	236	(2)
Revision	237	(1)
Peer Review	237	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Process Analysis Essay	237	(1)
The Cause-and-Effect Analysis Essay	238	(37)
Getting Started	239	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``The Success of Xavier College Pre-Med Students''	239	(1)
This video clip profiles Xavier College, which successfully prepares more African-American students for medical school than any other college in the United States.
Video Follow-up: Using Campus Resources	239	(1)
Composition Skills and the Internet	239	(1)
Readings: Academic Achievement	240	(10)
``Surfing's Up and Grades Are Down''	240	(3)
This report from the Washington Post National Weekly Edition examines the effects that computers have on college students' education and lives. In general, Sanchez reports positive effects, but she finds growing concern about Internet addiction, which can cause students to get low grades and even drop out of college.
Composition Skills and the Internet	243	(3)
``Why They Excel''	246	(4)
In this excerpt from an article written for Parade magazine, Fox Butterfield investigates the causes for the achievement of young Asians in the United States. She finds the causes rooted in the traditional values of their culture.
Writing	250	(17)
Multiple Causes→Effect	251	(3)
Organizing the Causal Analysis Essay	254	(1)
The Thesis Statement for the Causal Analysis Essay	255	(3)
A Problem in Reasoning	258	(1)
Cause→Multiple Effects	259	(1)
Organizing the Effect Analysis Essay	260	(2)
The Thesis Statement for the Effect Analysis Essay	262	(2)
The Causal Chain	264	(3)
Composition Skills	267	(6)
Introductory Paragraphs	267	(1)
The Dramatic Entrance	267	(3)
The Relevant Quotation	270	(2)
Coherence	272	(1)
Transitions and Expressions for Cause and Effect	272	(1)
Grammar Review	273	(2)
Revision	274	(1)
Peer Review	274	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Cause-and-Effect Analysis Essay	274	(1)
The Argumentative Essay	275	(24)
Getting Started	276	(1)
CNNreg; Video Activity: ``Campus Activism''	276	(1)
This video examines activism on U.S. college campuses and gives reasons why student activism today may look very different from the activism that attracted so much media attention in the 1960s.
Video Follow-up: Investigating Your Campus	276	(1)
Readings: Issues on Campus	277	(4)
``College Lectures: Is Anybody Listening?''	277	(2)
In this magazine article, David Daniels questions a traditional teaching method: the lecture class. He explains problems he sees with the lecture class and suggests an alternative which he believes would improve education at American colleges and universities.
``Let's Put the Excellence Back in the A''	279	(2)
Elliott Miles, a retired educator and university president, discusses a disturbing trend on college campuses: grade inflation.
Writing	281	(8)
The Argumentative Thesis: Taking a Stand	282	(1)
The Opposition: Knowing What You Are Up Against	283	(1)
Supporting and Explaining Reasons	284	(4)
Composition Skills and the Internet	288	(1)
Refuting and Conceding the Opposition	289	(5)
Organizing the Argumentative Essay	290	(4)
Composition Skills	294	(5)
Coherence Review	294	(4)
Revision	298	(1)
Peer Review	298	(1)
Revision Checklist for the Argumentative Essay	298	(1)
Unit Three Grammar Review	299	(82)
Adjectives (Ch. 4)	300	(5)
Participles as Adjectives	301	(2)
Adjective Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases	303	(2)
Adverbials (Chs. 3, 4, 10)	305	(8)
Adverbs of Place	305	(1)
Adverbials of Time and Sequence	306	(1)
Prepositions in Time Expressions	307	(3)
Adverbial Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases	310	(1)
The present participle (Verb + ing)	311	(1)
The perfect participle (Having Verb + ed)	311	(1)
The passive perfect participle (Having Been Verb + ed)	311	(2)
Articles (Chs. 5, 9, 11)	313	(9)
Definite and Indefinite Articles	313	(1)
The Indefinite Article	313	(1)
The Definite Article	314	(3)
Articles with Quantifiers	317	(4)
Articles with Count and Non-count Nouns	321	(1)
Clauses (Chs. 3, 4)	322	(22)
Adjective Clauses (Ch. 4)	322	(1)
Adjective Clauses Subordinators	323	(3)
Punctuation of Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective	326	(1)
Adverbial Clauses of Time (Ch. 3)	327	(4)
Adverbial Clauses of Comparison, Contrast, Concession (Ch. 8)	331	(4)
Adverbial Clauses of Purpose (Ch. 10)	335	(1)
Adverbial Clauses of Cause and Result (Ch. 11)	336	(1)
Adverbial Clauses of Cause	336	(1)
Adverbial Clauses of Result	337	(2)
Noun Clauses (Ch. 7)	339	(1)
As Direct Objects	339	(1)
Noun Clauses Derived from Questions as Direct Objects	340	(2)
Subjunctive Noun Clauses	342	(2)
Comparisons (Ch. 8)	344	(5)
Indicators of Equality or Similarity	344	(2)
Indicators of Inequality	346	(3)
Correlative Conjunctions (Ch. 9)	349	(3)
Gerunds and Infinitives (Ch. 7)	352	(6)
Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects	352	(1)
Gerunds and Infinitives as Objects	353	(3)
Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions	356	(2)
Verb/Tense System	358	(23)
The Simple Present vs. the Present Progressive (Ch. 3)	358	(1)
The Simple Present Tense	359	(1)
The Present Progressive Tense	360	(2)
The Simple Past vs. the Past Progressive and Past Perfect (Ch. 3)	362	(1)
The Simple Past Tense	363	(1)
The Past Progressive Tense	363	(1)
The Past Perfect Tense	363	(4)
Verb Tense Review: The Present Perfect vs. the Simple Past (Ch. 5)	367	(1)
The Present Perfect Tense	367	(2)
Adverbials Used with the Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses	369	(3)
The Passive Voice vs. the Active Voice (Ch. 4)	372	(1)
The Passive Voice: Five Points to Review	373	(3)
Conditionals	376	(1)
Real Conditions (Ch. 10)	376	(1)
Unreal Conditions (Ch. 11)	377	(4)
Appendices	381	(44)
Appendix I	382	(3)
Peer Review Checklist for Paragraphs	382	(1)
Peer Review Checklist for Essays	383	(2)
Appendix II	385	(3)
Using Others' Ideas	385	(3)
Appendix III	388	(2)
The Definite Article with Place Names	388	(1)
The Definite Article with Other Proper Nouns	389	(1)
Appendix IV	390	(10)
Punctuation Problems	390	(1)
Rules for Punctuation	391	(9)
Appendix V	400	(2)
Rules for Capitalization	400	(2)
Appendix VI	402	(3)
Noun Plurals	402	(3)
Appendix VII	405	(4)
Subject-Verb Agreement	405	(4)
Appendix VIII	409	(6)
Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs	409	(6)
Appendix IX	415	(5)
Verbs and Their Complements	415	(5)
Appendix X	420	(5)
Sample Business Letters	420	(5)
Index	425