Regional Climate Studies of China

by Fu, Congbin; Jiang, Zhihong; Guan, Zhaoyong; He, Jinghai; Xu, Zhongfeng

• ISBN13: 9783540792413
• ISBN10: 3540792414
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-04
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

"Regional Climate Studies of China" is the first volume to present the latest research findings gained over the last decade which has greatly advanced our knowledge of the regional climate researches in China. A distinctive feature of the volume is that it is based on an integration of researches by using the advanced technologies, such as field observation and experiment, satellite information and numerical models in the regional climate studies Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Climate of China and East Asian Monsoon	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Characteristics of the onset of Asian summer monsoon	p. 5
The earliest onset of Asian summer monsoon and the regional characteristics	p. 6
Large-scale characteristics of Asian summer monsoon onset	p. 10
The importance of Asian-Australian "land bridge" in the onset	p. 16
Features of vertically integrated moisture transport	p. 17
Seasonal distribution	p. 18
Seasonal transition features	p. 19
"Climate effect" of the Northeast Cold Vortex and its influence on Meiyu	p. 27
Relationship between the Northeast Cold Vortex and Meiyu rainfall amount	p. 29
Possible mechanisms of the influences of the Northeast Cold Vortex on Meiyu	p. 30
Relationship between SST in the North Pacific and Northeast Cold Vortex	p. 34
Droughts-floods coexistence (DFC) during the normal summer monsoons in the mid- and lower reaches of the Yangtze River	p. 35
Precipitation distribution features of DFC summers	p. 36
Circulation features of the strong DFC summers	p. 38
SST features of the strong DFC summers	p. 41
Conclusions and some outstanding issues	p. 42
References	p. 43
Paleoclimate of China	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Reconstructed climate of China	p. 50
Loess	p. 52
Ice cores	p. 53
Tree rings (Dendroclimatology)	p. 54
Historical documents	p. 54
Stalagmite	p. 55
Pollen	p. 55
Lake sediments	p. 56
Climate simulation of the last 1000 years	p. 56
Model description	p. 57
Reconstruction data	p. 57
Model and data comparison	p. 58
Sensitive simulation of climate in LIA	p. 61
Model description	p. 61
Design of the simulation experiments	p. 62
Analyses of simulation	p. 62
Palaeoclimate simulations of mid-Holocene and LGM	p. 68
The 6 ka BP climate simulations	p. 70
The 21 ka BP climate simulations	p. 80
Summary	p. 87
References	p. 89
Interdecadal Climate Variability in China Associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Interdecadal oceanic anomalies in the North Pacific	p. 99
Interdecadal atmospheric anomalies in East Asia	p. 101
Winter	p. 101
Summer	p. 103
Interdecadal climate anomalies in China	p. 103
Winter	p. 105
Summer	p. 105
Interdecadal change of ENSO's impact on the climate of China	p. 107
In the developing phase of an ENSO event	p. 107
In the decaying phase of an ENSO event	p. 110
Summary	p. 113
References	p. 115
Interannual Variability of Summer Climate of China in Association with ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
ENSO and its global impacts	p. 119
Understanding the ENSO-China climate relations before 1995	p. 120
Indian Ocean variabilities, especially the Indian Ocean dipole	p. 121
Issues in the recent decades	p. 121
Precipitation and temperature changes related to ENSO	p. 122
Droughts and floods in China	p. 122
Hot and cold summer climate in China	p. 124
Circulation changes with ENSO	p. 125
Western Pacific subtropical high	p. 126
East Asian summer monsoon	p. 127
South China Sea summer monsoon	p. 128
Typhoons	p. 129
Influence of IOD on the East Asian summer monsoon	p. 129
IOD phenomenon	p. 130
IOD teleconnections in the unusual summer of 1994	p. 132
Individual influences of IOD and ENSO	p. 139
Interference of IOD in the ENSO-EASM relation	p. 143
Concluding Remarks	p. 147
References	p. 149
Aridity Trend in Northern China	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Aridity trend on geological time scales	p. 159
Formation of Asia inland arid/semi-arid regions as seen from Leoss deposition	p. 159
Stepwise expansion of desert environment across northern China in the past 3.5 Ma and dry-wet oscillation on earth orbit time scale	p. 163
Aridity trend in northwestern China during last 30 ka as seen from lake sediment records	p. 169
Aridity trend in last hundred years	p. 171
Dry-wet oscillation on centennial to decadal time scales	p. 171
Evidences of aridity trend from historical documents and instrumental observations	p. 173
Global aspects of aridity trend	p. 176
Semi-arid region - the area with most significant aridity trend	p. 177
Inter-decadal variability of atmospheric circulation in association with the aridity trend	p. 180
Correlations between North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO) and eastern China wet/dry oscillation	p. 180
Interdecadal variation of aridity trend in northern China associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)	p. 182
Interdecadal variability of Southern Oscillation and Walker Circulation and their relationships with Asian summer monsoon	p. 184
Observation and model validation of land-atmospheric interaction in semi-arid region	p. 185
Intensified field observation of water, energy and CO2 fluxes over semi-arid area of China	p. 185
Validation of land surface model based on field observations over semi-arid area of China	p. 194
Potential human impacts on aridity trend	p. 198
Impacts of human activity on river runoff in the northern area of China	p. 198
Impact of land surface degradation in northern China on regional climate	p. 203
Conclusions	p. 208
References	p. 210
Effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the Climate of China	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Climatic features of atmospheric heat source/sink over the TP	p. 221
Computational methods of the atmospheric heat source/sink	p. 221
Climatological distribution of the atmospheric heat source/sink	p. 223
Temporal variation of atmospheric heat source/sink	p. 224
Roles of the TP in Asian monsoon	p. 226
Sensible heat driven air-pump (SHAP) over the TP	p. 226
Simulation on the dynamic-thermodynamic effect of the TP	p. 232
Plateau snow anomalies and its climate effects	p. 236
Climatological features of the winter snow	p. 237
Statistical relationship between snow anomaly and precipitation	p. 238
Simulations of the effect of snow on precipitation	p. 241
The nature of the South Asia High and its climate effects	p. 247
Seasonal variation of SAH	p. 248
Bimodality of the SAH in the seasonal cycle	p. 249
Climate effects of SAH on the regional climate	p. 252
Seasonal east-west movement of the EASWJ and its association with the diabatic heating over the TP	p. 253
Seasonal east-west movement of the EASWJ core	p. 253
Bimodality of the EASWJ core in midsummer	p. 255
Stratus generated by the TP and its possible climate effects	p. 256
Cloud-radiative forcing over East Asia	p. 257
Formation of the nimbostratus and altostratus clouds	p. 258
Stratus cloud-climate feedback over the lee side of the TP	p. 259
Impacts of the Plateau stratus cloud deck on east China climate	p. 261
Conclusions	p. 263
References	p. 266
Soil Moisture Variations and Its Impact on the Regional Climatic Change in China	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
In situ measured soil moisture in China	p. 273
Soil moisture measurement in China	p. 273
Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture	p. 274
Inversion of soil moisture from climate variables and remote sensing data	p. 287
A scheme retrieving soil moisture with climatic variables in Eastern China and its application	p. 287
Soil moisture retrieval from remote sensing data and its application	p. 298
Relationship between soil moisture and regional climate variation in China	p. 302
Soil moisture and climatic interannual variability	p. 302
Correlation between area average soil moisture and climate variation	p. 305
Summary and discussions	p. 308
References	p. 309
Climate Extremes and Related Disasters in China	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Temperature extremes	p. 314
Maximum and minimum temperatures	p. 315
Warm days and cool days	p. 316
Warm nights and cool nights	p. 318
Hot days and frost days	p. 318
Precipitation extremes	p. 320
Total precipitation	p. 320
Frequency and intensity of precipitation	p. 321
Extreme precipitation	p. 322
Wet spells	p. 323
Cyclones	p. 324
Tropical cyclones	p. 324
Extra-tropical cyclones	p. 327
Droughts	p. 329
Dust storms	p. 331
Changes in climate extreme in associated with the mean state	p. 335
Changes in temperature extremes and mean temperature	p. 336
Changes in extreme and total precipitation	p. 337
Summary	p. 338
References	p. 339
Regional Climate Modeling of China and East Asia	p. 345
Introduction	p. 345
Development of a regional climate model for Asia (RIEMS) and its validation	p. 348
Framework of RIEMS	p. 348
Validation of RIEMS	p. 353
Simulation of climate of China and East Asia through inter-comparison of a set of regional climate models	p. 355
Project Design	p. 356
Phase one of RMIP	p. 357
Phase two of RMIP	p. 361
Study on multi-RCM ensemble of regional climate simulation for Asia	p. 372
Ensemble Methods	p. 372
Mean climate and biases	p. 373
Cross validation of ensemble results	p. 376
Conclusions	p. 377
Effects of increasing greenhouse gases and aerosols on regional climate of East Asia	p. 378
Future climate simulated by RIEMS-GOALS under the scenario of increased CO[subscript 2] emission	p. 380
Impacts of aerosols on East Asia monsoon climate	p. 383
Impact of human-induced large-scale land cover changes on the East Asian monsoon climate in RCM simulations	p. 390
History of land-cover/-use changes over East Asia	p. 391
Design of the numerical experiments	p. 392
Changes of surface dynamic parameters under two vegetation coverages	p. 393
Changes of the East Asia monsoon by human-induced land-cover changes	p. 394
Conclusions	p. 397
Summary	p. 397
References	p. 398
Projection of Future Climate in China	p. 409
Introduction	p. 409
Projections of changes in temperature	p. 411
Global climate modeling	p. 411
Regional climate modeling	p. 416
Statistical downscaling	p. 418
Projections of changes in precipitation	p. 421
Global climate modeling	p. 421
Regional climate modeling	p. 425
Statistical downscaling	p. 427
Projection of extreme events	p. 428
Extreme temperature	p. 428
Rain and heavy rain days	p. 432
Extreme climate indicators	p. 432
Tropical cyclones	p. 438
Conclusions and discussions	p. 438
References	p. 442
Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and Agriculture in China	p. 447
Introduction	p. 447
Impacts of climate change on water cycle and water resources	p. 447
Impact of climate change on runoff	p. 448
Impact of climate change on evaporation	p. 450
Impact of climate change on water supply-demand balance	p. 451
Impacts of climate change on agriculture	p. 452
Impact of climate change on cropping system	p. 452
Impact of climate change on crop potential productivity	p. 454
Impact of global warming on crop yield	p. 455
Severe agrometeorological disasters caused by the climate change	p. 456
Impact of climate warming on the crop diseases and insect pests	p. 457
Adaptation to the climate change	p. 459
Summary and prospect	p. 460
References	p. 462
Glossary (Acronyms)	p. 465
Subject Index	p. 472
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