Regulations of Photosynthesis

by Aro, Eva-Mari; Andersson, Bertil

• ISBN13: 9780792363323
• ISBN10: 0792363329
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

The book covers the expression of photosynthesis related genes including regulation both at transcriptional and translational levels. Biogenesis, turnover and senescence of thylakoid pigment protein complexes are reviewed and some crucial regulatory steps in carbon metabolism are highlighted. The stress and acclimation responses in chloroplasts are examined at molecular level. The book also provides examples of novel methods for studies of photosynthetic regulation.

Table of Contents

Editorial	v
Contents	vii
Preface	xvii
Color Plates	1	(1)
Part I: Evolution, Complexity and Regulation of Photosynthetic Structures
Thylakoid Biogenesis and Dynamics: The Result of a Complex Phylogenetic Puzzle	1	(28)
Reinhold. G. Herrmann
Peter Westhoff
Summary	1	(1)
Introduction	2	(3)
Aspects of Chloroplast and Plant Genome Evolution---Plant Genome Structure	5	(6)
Functional Consequences of Genome Rearrangement---Regulatory Levels	11	(7)
The Impact of Multicellularity and Terrestrial Life upon Thylakoid Biogenesis	18	(1)
Maintenance and Acclimation of Thylakoids	19	(2)
Outlook---New Approaches	21	(8)
Acknowledgments	23	(1)
References	23	(6)
Part II: Gene Expression and Signal Transduction
Plastid RNA Polymerases in Higher Plants	29	(22)
Karsten Liere
Pal Maliga
Summary	29	(1)
Introduction	30	(1)
The Plastid-Encoded Plastid RNA Polymerase (PEP)	31	(8)
The Nuclear-Encoded Plastid RNA Polymerase (NEP)	39	(4)
The Role of NEP and PEP in Plastid Gene Expression	43	(1)
Unsolved Mystery: tRNA Transcription	43	(8)
Acknowledgments	44	(1)
References	44	(7)
Phytochrome and Regulation of Photosynthetic Gene Expression	51	(16)
Michael Malakhov
Chris Bowler
Summary	51	(1)
Introduction	52	(1)
Activation of Phytochrome and Other Photoreceptors	52	(1)
Second Messengers in Phytochrome Signal Transduction	53	(1)
Genetic Approaches to Dissect Phytochrome Signaling	54	(3)
Nuclear-Localized Components of the Light Signaling Machinery	57	(4)
Interactions Between Phytochrome and Other Signaling Pathways	61	(1)
Concluding Remarks	62	(5)
Acknowledgments	62	(1)
References	63	(4)
Regulating Synthesis of the Purple Bacterial Photosystem	67	(18)
Carl E. Bauer
Summary	67	(1)
Introduction	68	(1)
The Purple Bacterial Photosystem	68	(1)
The Photosynthesis Gene Cluster	69	(1)
Regulating Photosystem Synthesis	70	(9)
Concluding Statements	79	(6)
Acknowledgment	79	(1)
References	79	(6)
Redox Regulation of Photosynthetic Genes	85	(24)
Gerhard Link
Summary	85	(1)
Introduction	86	(3)
Redox Regulation of Nuclear Genes for Photosynthetic Proteins	89	(4)
Redox Regulation of Gene Expression Inside the Chloroplast	93	(7)
Outlook	100	(9)
Acknowledgments	102	(1)
References	102	(7)
Sugar Sensing and Regulation of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism	109	(12)
Uwe Sonnewald
Summary	109	(1)
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in C3 Plants	110	(2)
Sink Regulation of Photosynthesis	112	(2)
Sugar Regulation of Gene Expression	114	(7)
Acknowledgment	118	(1)
References	118	(3)
Editing, Polyadenylation and Degradation of mRNA in the Chloroplast	121	(16)
Gadi Schuster
Ralph Bock
Summary	121	(1)
Introduction	122	(1)
RNA Editing in the Chloroplast	122	(4)
Polyadenylation and Degradation of mRNA in the Chloroplast	126	(11)
Acknowledgments	132	(1)
References	133	(4)
Regulation of Chloroplast Translation	137	(-137)
Aravind Somanchi
Stephen P. Mayfield
Summary	137	(1)
Introduction	138	(1)
Translation in the Chloroplast---An Overview	138	(1)
Translational Regulation in the Chloroplast	139	(6)
Mechanism of Translational Activation	145	(2)
Conclusions and Perspectives	147	(-147)
References	148	(-148)
Part III: Biogenesis, Turnover and Senescence
Proteins Involved in Biogenesis of the Thylakoid Membrane	153-175	(177)
Klaas Jan Van Wijk
Summary	153	(1)
Introduction	154	(1)
Chloroplast Proteins Involved in Targeting and Insertion into the Thylakoid Membrane	155	(6)
Peptidases and Proteases Responsible for Processing and Turnover	161	(1)
Proteins involved in Folding and Post-translational Modifications	162	(1)
Proteins Assisting in Protein and Cofactor Transport, Storage and Ligation	163	(4)
Vesicles Formation, Low Density Membranes and Tubules	167	(1)
Proteomics as a Tool for Identification of Proteins involved in Thylakoid Biogenesis	168	(1)
Conclusions and Perspectives	169	(8)
Acknowledgments	170	(1)
References	170	(7)
Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases and Regulation of Photosynthetic Functions	177	(18)
Alexander V. Vener
Summary	177	(1)
Introduction	178	(1)
Structure and Function of Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases (PPlases)	179	(5)
Plant PPlases	184	(3)
PPlases and Photosynthetic Function	187	(8)
References	190	(5)
Role of the Plastid Envelope in the Biogenesis of Chloroplast Lipids	195	(-195)
Maryse A. Block
Eric Marechal
Jacques Joyard
Summary	195	(1)
Introduction	196	(1)
Lipid Composition of Chloroplast Membranes	197	(3)
Biosynthesis of Chloroplast Glycerolipids	200	(8)
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis	208	(1)
Plastid Prenylquinone Biosynthesis	209	(1)
Transport of Lipids From ER to Chloroplasts and Between Chloroplast Membranes	210	(1)
Lipid Modifications of Proteins in Chloroplasts	211	(2)
Conclusion	213	(-213)
Acknowledgment	214	(1)
References	214	(-214)
Pigment Assembly---Transport and Ligation	219-233	(235)
Harald Paulsen
Summary	219	(1)
Introduction	220	(1)
Assembly of Chlorophyll a/b-Protein Complexes	220	(2)
Assembly of Chlorophyll a-Protein Complexes	222	(1)
How are Pigments Synthesized and Transported?	223	(2)
How Do Pigments Find Their Correct Binding Site?	225	(3)
Are Pigments Involved in the Assembly of Multi-protein Complexes of the Photosynthetic Apparatus?	228	(7)
Acknowledgments	230	(1)
References	230	(5)
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis---Metabolism and Strategies of Higher Plants to Avoid Photooxidative Stress	235	(18)
Klaus Apel
Summary	235	(1)
Introduction	236	(1)
Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis and Photooxidative Stress	236	(3)
Regulatory Steps in Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis	239	(8)
Tetrapyrrole Derivatives as Plastid Signals	247	(2)
Outlook	249	(4)
Acknowledgments	249	(1)
References	249	(4)
Transport of Metals: A Key Process in Oxygenic Photosynthesis	253	(12)
Himadri Pakrasi
Teruo Ogawa
Maitrayee Bhattacharrya-Pakrasi
Summary	253	(1)
Introduction	254	(1)
Different Classes of Transporters	254	(3)
Iron	257	(1)
Copper	258	(1)
Manganese	259	(1)
Zinc	260	(1)
Magnesium	261	(1)
Concluding Remarks	262	(3)
Acknowledgments	262	(1)
References	262	(3)
Chloroplast Proteases and Their Role in Photosynthesis Regulation	265	(12)
Zach Adam
Summary	265	(1)
Introduction	266	(1)
Substrates for Proteolysis	266	(2)
Proteolytic Enzymes	268	(3)
Conclusions and Future Prospects	271	(6)
Acknowledgments	273	(1)
References	273	(4)
Senescence and Cell Death in Plant Development: Chloroplast Senescence and its Regulation	277	(20)
Philippe Matile
Summary	277	(1)
Introduction	278	(1)
Leaf Senescence	278	(3)
Biochemistry of Breakdown in Senescing Chloroplasts	281	(6)
Programmed Cell Death	287	(3)
Outlook	290	(7)
References	291	(6)
Part IV: Regulation of Carbon Metabolism
Dynamics of Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation: Control, Regulation and Productivity	297	(16)
Steven Gutteridge
Douglas B. Jordan
Summary	297	(1)
Crop Yields, Land Use and Population Growth	298	(1)
Photosynthesis---Light, Capture, Action	298	(5)
Modulating Rubisco Activity and the Response of Photosynthetic CO2 fixation in planta	303	(2)
Modulating Activities of Other Enzymes of the PCR Cycle	305	(2)
C4 Metabolism	307	(2)
Concluding Remarks	309	(4)
Acknowledgment	310	(1)
References	310	(3)
Chloroplastic Carbonic Anhydrases	313	(8)
Goran Samuelsson
Jan Karlsson
Summary	313	(1)
Introduction	314	(1)
Gene Families	314	(1)
Structure	315	(1)
Inhibitors	316	(1)
Carbonic anhydrase catalysed functions in Chloroplasts	316	(5)
References	319	(2)
Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin: General Aspects and Involvement in Redox Regulation	321	(10)
Arne Holmgren
Summary	321	(1)
Introduction	322	(1)
Thioredoxins	322	(3)
Thioredoxin Reductases	325	(1)
Glutaredoxins	326	(5)
Acknowledgments	329	(1)
References	329	(2)
The Structure and Function of the Ferredoxin/Thioredoxin System in Photosynthesis	331	(32)
Peter Schurmann
Bob B. Buchanan
Summary	332	(1)
Introduction	332	(1)
Biochemical Setting for Thioredoxin-Linked Regulation	333	(1)
Thioredoxin Regulated Processes	333	(1)
Structure and Function of the Proteins in the Regulatory Chain	334	(9)
Target Enzymes	343	(7)
Mechanism for Reduction of Thioredoxins and Target Enzymes	350	(3)
Phylogenetic History of Thioredoxins and Photosynthetic Target Enzymes	353	(1)
Concluding Remarks	353	(10)
Acknowledgments	355	(1)
References	355	(8)
Reversible Phosphorylation in the Regulation of Photosynthetic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase in C4 Plants	363	(14)
Jean Vidal
Sylvie Coursol
Jean-Noel Pierre
Summary	363	(1)
Introduction	364	(1)
C4 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC) in the Physiological Context of C4 Photosynthesis	364	(1)
Properties of C4 PEPC	364	(2)
C4 PEPC Activity is Reversibly Modulated in vivo by a Regulatory Phosphorylation Cycle	366	(4)
Significance of the Regulatory Phosphorylation of C4 PEPC	370	(3)
Conclusions and Perspectives	373	(4)
References	373	(4)
Part V: Acclimation and Stress Responses
Photodamage and D1 Protein Turnover in Photosystem II	377	(-377)
Bertil Andersson
Eva-Mari Aro
Summary	377	(1)
Introduction	378	(1)
Light-induced Inactivation and Damage to the Photosystem II Reaction Center	378	(3)
Proteolysis of the Damaged D1 Protein	381	(4)
Location of Photosystem II Damage and Repair in the Thylakoid Membrane	385	(1)
Biogenesis and Assembly of the New D1 Copy into Photosystem II	386	(-386)
Acknowledgments	390	(1)
References	390	(-390)
Phosphorylation of Photosystem II Proteins	395-418	(419)
Eevi Rintamaki
Eva-Mari Aro
Summary	395	(1)
Introduction	396	(1)
Thylakoid Phosphoproteins	396	(2)
Reversible Phosphorylation of Thylakoid Proteins	398	(8)
Photosystem II and Light-Harvesting Complex II Protein Phosphorylation in Taxonomically Divergent Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms	406	(1)
Physiological Role of Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation	407	(4)
Future Perspective: Is Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation Involved in the Relay of Signals for Acclimation Processes?	411	(8)
Acknowledgments	412	(1)
References	412	(7)
Novel Aspects on the Regulation of Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation	419	(14)
Itzhak Ohad
Martin Vink
Hagit Zer
Reinhold G. Herrmann
Bertil Andersson
Summary	419	(1)
Introduction	420	(1)
Redox Control of Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation	420	(4)
Role of Thiol Redox State in Kinase Activation/Deactivation Process in Isolated Thylakoids	424	(1)
Light-Induced Modulation of Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation at the Substrate Level	425	(2)
Thylakoid Protein Dephosphorylation and its Regulation	427	(1)
Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation and State Transition: Open Questions	427	(6)
Acknowledgments	429	(1)
References	429	(4)
Enzymes and Mechanisms for Violaxanthin-Zeaxanthin Conversion	433	(20)
Marie Eskling
Anna Emanuelsson
Hans-Erik Akerlund
Summary	433	(1)
Introduction	434	(1)
The Xanthophyll Cycle, Enzymes and Pigments	434	(7)
The Conversion of Violaxanthin Depends on Temperature and Light	441	(1)
The Role of the Xanthophyll Cycle	442	(11)
Acknowledgments	447	(1)
References	447	(6)
The PsbS Protein: A Cab-Protein with a Function of Its Own	453	(16)
Christiane Funk
Summary	453	(1)
Introduction	454	(2)
Early History of the PsbS Protein: A Mysterious Protein in Photosystem II	456	(1)
The psbS Gene and Gene Product	457	(1)
Pigment Binding	458	(1)
The PsbS Protein: An Early Ligh Induced Protein or Light Harvesting Protein or a Protein of Its Own?	459	(4)
The Function of the PsbS Protein	463	(1)
Conclusion	464	(5)
Acknowledgments	465	(1)
References	465	(4)
Redox Sensing of Photooxidative Stress and Acclimatory Mechanisms in Plants	469	(18)
Stanislaw Karpinski
Gunnar Wingsle
Barbara Karpinska
Jan-Erik Hallgren
Summary	469	(1)
Introduction	470	(1)
Stress and Acclimation	470	(12)
Concluding Remarks	482	(5)
Acknowledgments	482	(1)
References	482	(5)
The Elip Family of Stress Proteins in the Thylakoid Membranes of Pro-and Eukaryota	487	(20)
Iwona Adamska
Summary	487	(1)
Introduction	488	(1)
What is an Elip? Past and Present Definitions	488	(2)
Division of Elip Family Based on Predicted Protein Structure	490	(5)
Genomic Organization of Elip Family in Arabidopsis thaliana	495	(1)
Similarities and Differences Between the Elip and Cab Gene Families	495	(5)
Are Elips Chlorophyll-Binding Proteins?	500	(1)
Possible Physiological Functions of Elip Family Members	500	(2)
Evolutionary Aspects	502	(1)
Concluding Remarks	502	(5)
Acknowledgments	502	(1)
References	503	(4)
Regulation, Inhibition and Protection of Photosystem I	507	(26)
Yukako Hihara
Kintake Sonoike
Summary	508	(1)
Introduction	508	(1)
Regulation of the Quantity of PS I	509	(4)
Regulation of the Activity of PS I	513	(1)
Regulation of PS I Expression	513	(6)
Inhibition of PS I by Environmental Factors	519	(2)
Protection of Photosystem I from Photoinhibition	521	(3)
Concluding Remarks	524	(9)
Acknowledgments	525	(1)
References	525	(8)
Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport	533	(24)
Peter J. Nixon
Conrad W. Mullineaux
Summary	534	(1)
Introduction	534	(1)
Background Concepts	535	(2)
Feedback Control of the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain	537	(3)
Regulation of Photosystem II Activity --- The Bicarbonate Effect	540	(1)
Cyclic Electron Flow	541	(6)
Chlororespiration and Cyanobacterial Respiration	547	(1)
Interaction between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria	548	(1)
Questions for the Future	549	(8)
References	550	(7)
Part VI: Photosynthetic Regulation and Genomics---Methodological Implications for the Future
Functional Genomics in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803: Resources for Comprehensive Studies of Gene Function and Regulation	557	(6)
Takakazu Kaneko
Satoshi Tabata
Summary	557	(1)
Introduction	557	(1)
CyanoBase and CyanoMutants---Genome Information Databases	558	(1)
Genome-wide Monitoring of Gene Expression by Proteome and Transcriptome Analyses	559	(4)
References	561	(2)
Arabidopsis Genetics and Functional Genomics in the Post-Genome Era	563	(30)
Wolf-Rudiger Scheible
Todd A. Richmond
Iain W. Wilson
Chris R. Somerville
Summary	563	(1)
Introduction	564	(1)
Arabidopsis Expressed Sequence Tags and Genome Sequencing Projects	565	(6)
Classical Arabidopsis Genetics in the Post-Genome Era	571	(4)
Assigning Gene Functions Using the Tools of Functional Genomics	575	(7)
Reverse Arabidopsis Genetics	582	(3)
Conclusions and Outlook	585	(8)
Acknowledgments	585	(1)
References	585	(8)
Index	593