Relevant Linguistics : An Introduction to the Structure and Use of English for Teachers

by Justice

• ISBN13: 9781575862187
• ISBN10: 1575862182
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-11-30
• Publisher: Stanford Univ Center for the Study

Summary

This revised and expanded edition of Paul W. Justice's popular text provides a straightforward, accessible introduction to the basics of linguistics for education students and all non-linguistics majors, covering the essentials of phonetics, phonology, morphology, morpho-phonology, and syntax. While this overview is accessible to any student, Justice's text will be of particular use in teacher training programs, many of which now expose trainees to these topics in order to cope with rising linguistic diversity in classrooms.Each chapter of Relevant Linguistics leads students through descriptive analysis, helps them grasp linguistic concepts, and provides them with the reference materials necessary for their own teaching. This second edition contains more exercises as well as expanded and clarified explanations of the issues discussed in the first edition. Also included are more references to areas such as the history of English and semantics.

Author Biography

Paul W. Justice is a lecturer at San Diego State University and an instructor at Grossmont College.

Table of Contents

To the Student	xiii
To the Instructor	xiv
Acknowledgments	xvi
What is Linguistics?	1	(12)
What Do Linguists Do?	2	(1)
What is the Nature of Language?	3	(1)
Focus on Expressions: The Nature of Words	4	(2)
The Nature of Grammar Rules: Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism	6	(4)
Prescriptivism	6	(1)
Descriptivism	7	(2)
Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism over Time	9	(1)
Descriptivism and the Language Arts Curriculum	10	(1)
Narrowing the Focus: English and other Languages	10	(1)
Tying It All Together: The Relevance of Linguistics	11	(1)
Summary	12	(1)
Phonetics: The Sounds of English	13	(32)
Phonetics: Its Relevance to Classroom Teachers	13	(1)
Spelling and Sounds in English	14	(1)
The Smallest Units of Language: Phonemes	15	(1)
The Consonants of English	16	(6)
Describing the Features of Consonants: Place of Articulation	16	(2)
Describing the Features of Consonants: Manner of Articulation	18	(3)
Describing the Features of Consonants: Voicing	21	(1)
The Vowels of English	22	(6)
Describing English Vowels: Tongue Height	23	(1)
Describing English Vowels: Frontness	23	(2)
Describing English Vowels: Tenseness	25	(1)
A Final Feature of Vowels: Roundedness	26	(1)
Difficult to Describe Vowels: Diphthongs	26	(2)
Some Important Points about Vowels	28	(2)
Vowels as Approximations	28	(1)
The Importance of Schwa in English	28	(2)
Second Language Issues: Phonemic Inventories	30	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Exercises	32	(13)
Phonetics Practice: Description of Phonemes	32	(1)
Phonetics Practice: Phoneme Analogies	33	(1)
Transcription Exercises	34	(3)
Transcription Jokes	37	(3)
Strange but True Transcriptions	40	(1)
More Transcription Jokes	41	(1)
The Connection between English Spelling and Sounds	42	(3)
Phonology: The Sound System of English	45	(46)
Levels of Representation	45	(1)
Phonemes and Allophones	46	(1)
The Systematicity of Phonology	47	(1)
Determining the Relationship Between Sounds	48	(2)
Contrastive Sounds	48	(1)
Non-Contrastive Sounds	49	(1)
Environment and Contrast	50	(1)
Phonological Rules	51	(3)
Determining the Basic Form of a Phoneme	52	(1)
Rule Types	53	(1)
Modeling Phonological Analysis with Four Rules of English	54	(9)
Vowel Nasalization in English	54	(2)
Vowel Lengthening in English	56	(2)
Aspiration in English	58	(2)
Flapping in American English	60	(3)
Phonological Analysis Resource	63	(1)
Goals of the Analysis	63	(1)
Steps of the Analysis	64	(1)
English Spelling Revisited	64	(2)
English Phonotactics	66	(5)
The Syllable	66	(1)
Phonotactic Constraints on Syllable Structure	67	(4)
Syllable Stress in English	71	(2)
Summary	73	(1)
Exercises	74	(17)
Minimal Pair Practice	74	(1)
Contrastive and Non-Contrastive Sounds	75	(1)
Practice with Natural Classes	76	(1)
Determining Distribution	77	(2)
English Phonology Practice	79	(1)
English Phonology Problems	80	(3)
Spanish Phonology Problems	83	(2)
Additional Phonology Problems	85	(4)
Practice with Phonotactics	89	(2)
Morphology: English Word Structure and Formation	91	(38)
Word Classes	91	(1)
Classification Criteria	91	(1)
Major Classes	92	(9)
Nouns	92	(2)
Verbs	94	(3)
Adjectives	97	(2)
Adverbs	99	(2)
Minor Classes	101	(2)
Pronouns	101	(2)
The Structure of Words	103	(1)
The Morpheme	103	(1)
Classification of Morphemes	104	(4)
Free Morphemes vs. Bound Morphemes	104	(1)
Lexical Morphemes vs. Grammatical Morphemes	104	(1)
Root Morphemes vs. Affix Morphemes	105	(1)
Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes	106	(2)
Challenges in Identifying Morphemes: Form vs. Meaning	108	(1)
The Hierarchical Structure of Words	109	(2)
Word Creation in English	111	(6)
Affixing	112	(1)
Functional Shift	112	(1)
Semantic Shift	113	(1)
Compounding	113	(1)
Blending	114	(1)
Borrowing	114	(1)
Acronyming	115	(1)
Root Creation	116	(1)
Summary	117	(1)
Exercises	118	(11)
Word Class Exercise	118	(2)
Morpheme Practice	120	(1)
Creative Affixing	121	(2)
Morphology Trees Exercise	123	(1)
Derivational Morpheme Exercise (three pages)	124	(3)
Bound Roots in English	127	(1)
English Word Creation Practice	128	(1)
Morphophonology: Where Morphology Meets Phonology	129	(24)
Key Concepts and Terms of Morphophonology	129	(1)
Morphophonological Analysis	130	(5)
Root Allomorphy	130	(2)
Allomorphic Variation with Affixes	132	(2)
Morphophonological Analysis Resource	134	(1)
Some Rules of English Morphophonology	135	(7)
The Past Tense in English	136	(3)
The Plural in English	139	(3)
Relevance at Three Levels	142	(1)
Spelling and Morphophonology in English	142	(1)
Summary	143	(1)
Exercises	144	(9)
English Morphophonology Practice	144	(1)
English Morphophonology Problems	145	(3)
Additional English Morphophonology Problem	148	(1)
Foreign Language Morphophonology Problems	149	(4)
Syntax: English Phrase and Sentence Structure	153	(92)
More Word Classes	153	(1)
Minor Classes	154	(5)
Determiners	154	(1)
Prepositions	155	(1)
Auxiliaries	155	(2)
Conjunctions	157	(2)
Major Classes	159	(7)
Nouns	159	(2)
Verbs	161	(1)
Adjectives	162	(2)
Adverbs	164	(1)
Pronouns	165	(1)
Sentence Types	166	(7)
Simple Sentences	166	(1)
Coordinate sentences	166	(1)
Complex Sentences	167	(1)
Complex-Coordinate Sentences	167	(1)
Coordination vs. Subordination	168	(2)
Different Kinds of Subordination	170	(3)
The Purpose of Studying Syntax	173	(1)
Constituents	174	(11)
Basic Constituents	174	(1)
The Importance of Hierarchical Constituent Structure	175	(1)
Determining and Representing Hierarchical Structure	176	(2)
Grammatical Relations	178	(1)
Constituent Structure of Complex and Coordinate Sentences	179	(1)
Diagramming Ambiguous Sentences	180	(2)
Constituent Tests	182	(3)
Phrase Structure	185	(5)
Subcategorization	190	(2)
Subcategories of English Verbs	192	(6)
Transitive Verbs	192	(1)
Intransitive Verbs	193	(1)
Complex Transitive Verbs	194	(1)
Linking Verbs	195	(1)
Linking Verbs Revisited	196	(2)
A Final Note about Subcategorization	198	(1)
Transformations	198	(3)
Deep and Surface Structures	200	(1)
Transformational Rules	201	(8)
Sub-Aux Inversion	201	(2)
``Wh-'' Movement	203	(2)
``Wh-'' Movement of Relative Pronouns	205	(4)
A Final Note Regarding Transformations	209	(1)
Tying It All Together	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
Exercises	211	(34)
Word Class Exercise	211	(1)
Sentence Type Exercise	212	(1)
Word Class/Sentence Type Exercise	213	(2)
Passivization	215	(2)
Beginning Syntax Trees	217	(2)
Advanced Syntax Trees	219	(7)
Grammatical Relation Practice	226	(1)
Phrase Structure Practice	227	(1)
Even More Syntax Tree Practice	228	(4)
Subcategorization Exercise	232	(3)
Explaining Ungrammaticality	235	(2)
Transformation Exercise	237	(4)
That Word	241	(4)
Language Variation: English Dialects	245	(56)
The Language vs. Dialect Distinction	245	(2)
Dimensions of Language Variation	247	(1)
Absolutes vs. Relatives	248	(2)
More Relatives: Correctness vs. Appropriateness	250	(1)
Levels of Language Variation	251	(4)
The Case of African-American English	255	(7)
Phonological Features of AAE	256	(1)
Morphological Features of AAE	257	(2)
Syntactic Features of AAE	259	(2)
An Additional Feature of AAE	261	(1)
Implications of Dialect Study	262	(1)
Expert Voices on Dialect Issues	263	(3)
Summary	266	(1)
Exercises	267	(4)
Classifying Variation	267	(1)
Researching Language Variation	268	(1)
Practice with AAE	269	(1)
Discussion Exercise	270	(1)
Appendix 1: Introductory Matters	271	(4)
Language Challenges: Ambiguity	271	(2)
The History of English	273	(1)
Illustrating Language History: Cognates	273	(1)
The Language Tree for English	274	(1)
Appendix 2: Phonetics	275	(2)
Distinctive Features	275	(1)
More on Variation: Phonetic Alphabets	275	(2)
Appendix 3: Phonology	277	(2)
Phonological Analysis Chart	277	(1)
Ordering of Phonological Rules	278	(1)
Appendix 4: Morphology	279	(5)
Words and Meaning: Semantics	279	(1)
Internet Resources: Word-a-Day Mailing Lists	280	(1)
The English Tense/Aspect System	281	(2)
Verb Tense Exercise	283	(1)
Appendix 5: Morphophonology	284	(1)
More on Spelling	284	(1)
Appendix 6: Syntax	285	(7)
More Word Classes	285	(1)
More about Phrase Structure	286	(6)
Appendix 7: Language Variation	292	(2)
The History of English Inflections	292	(2)
Appendix 8: Analysis Questions	294	(7)
Phonology	294	(1)
Phonology/Morphology	295	(1)
Morphology	295	(1)
Morphophonology	296	(1)
Morphology/Syntax	297	(1)
Syntax	298	(3)
Glossary	301	(6)
References	307	(2)
Index	309