The central purpose of this book is to offer an account of crucial intellectual challenges to traditional British theology, challenges that provoked wide-ranging discussions and decisively shaped British theology. In several instances, they resulted

James C. Livingston is Walter G. Mason Professor of Religion Emeritus at The College of William and Mary

Introduction	p. 1
The Religious Background and Contexts of the Late Victorian Controversies	p. 7
The Pre-1860 Background	p. 7
The Controversy over the Ethics of Belief	p. 13
The Agnostic Controversies after 1850	p. 20
God and the World-The Reign of Law: Design, Providence, and Teleology	p. 32
The Background Prior to 1860	p. 32
The Context of the Argument from Design after 1860	p. 39
Scientific Naturalism: Natural Law and Orthodox Theology Irreconcilable	p. 41
The Unitary Vision of Providence and the Reign of Natural Law: Varieties of Mediation	p. 44
Scottish Ideas of Providential Evolution and the Reign of Law	p. 49
Christian Darwinism: Design and Teleology	p. 62
God and the World-The Reign of Law: Providence, Evil, and Theodicy	p. 69
The Reign of Law and Theodicy before Darwin	p. 69
The Paleyian Theodicy and Darwin	p. 72
The Christian Darwinistic Theodicy	p. 76
The Christian Darwinian Theodicy	p. 81
The Theodicies of James Martineau and J. R. Illingworth	p. 86
The Theodicy of the Personal Idealists	p. 91
The Theodicy of F. R. Tennant and James Ward	p. 96
Providence and Theodicy at the Turn of the Century	p. 100
God and the World: The Reign of Law and Miracle	p. 106
The Early Victorian Setting	p. 106
The Legacy of J. S. Mill: Baden Powell on Miracles	p. 109
J. B. Mozley's Bampton Lectures On Miracles as a Turning Point	p. 114
Miracles in the Debates of the Metaphysical Society	p. 121
The Broad Church View: Miracle and the Zeitgeist	p. 126
A Way between J. B. Mozley and Matthew Arnold: B. F. Westcott	p. 131
Miracle and the Lux Mundi Theologians	p. 135
J. M. Thompson's Miracles in the New Testament and Bishop Gore's Challenge to Criticism	p. 138
Professor Sanday and the Winds of Change	p. 145
Humanity's Place in Nature-The Challenge to Christian Anthropology: Human Origins, the Fall, and Sin	p. 150
The Background to 1860	p. 150
Darwin on the Descent and Future of Mankind	p. 156
Darwin and the Theistic "Darwinians"	p. 164
The Premature Death of Adam: Evolution and the Reconceiving of the Doctrines of the Fall and Sin	p. 174
Humanity's Place in Nature-The Challenge to Christian Anthropology: Mind, Free Will, and the Foundation of Morals	p. 192
The Science of Mind: Controversy over the Brain, Mind, and Free Will	p. 192
Some "Irresolute" Materialists	p. 195
The Response of Idealists and Realists	p. 201
The Later Critiques: James Ward to William James	p. 210
Herbert Spencer and the Evolutionary Foundation of Morals	p. 218
The New Science of Religion: Christianity's Relation to Other Faiths	p. 230
The Background	p. 230
The New Context after 1860	p. 234
The British Pioneers in the New "Science of Religion": Some Suggestive Theological Implications	p. 237
The Consolidation of the Science of Religion in Britain and Its Influence on Christian Theology	p. 256
Types of Religious Response to the Science of Religion, 1870-1910	p. 261
Some Concluding Remarks	p. 279
References	p. 281
Index	p. 299
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