The Reluctant Welfare State American Social Welfare Policies--Past, Present, and Future (with InfoTrac)

by Jansson, Bruce S.

• ISBN13: 9780534574697
• ISBN10: 0534574696
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-26
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

1. Social Reform in a Society with Conflicting Tendencies. 2. A Framework for Understanding the Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State. 3. Fashioning a New Society in the Wilderness. 4. Social Welfare Policy in the Early Republic: 1789-1860. 5. Lost Opportunities: The Frontier, the Civil War, and Industrialization. 6. Social Reform in the Progressive Era. 7. The Early Stages of the New Deal. 8. Institutionalizing the New Deal. 9. The Era of Federal Social Services in the New Frontier and the Great Society. 10. The Paradoxical Era: 1968-1980. 11. The Conservative Counterrevolution in the Era of Reagan and Bush. 12. Reluctance Illustrated: Policy Uncertainty During the Clinton Administration. 13. Bush's Quest for Realignment. 14. Why Has the American Welfare State Been Reluctant -- And What Can We Do About It?

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Social Reform in a Society with Conflicting Tendencies	1	(12)
A Reluctant Welfare State	2	(1)
The Controversial Nature of Social Policy	3	(5)
Using Social Policy History to Develop a Policy Identity	8	(2)
The Raw Stuff of History: Policy Eras	10	(1)
From History to Policy Advocacy	11	(2)
A Framework for Understanding the Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	13	(16)
The Two-Sided Context	13	(3)
Developing Proposals to Address Social Problems	16	(1)
The Role of Political Processes in Creating a Reluctant Welfare State	17	(2)
Policy Choices	19	(1)
Processes of Implementation	20	(1)
Evaluating Social Policies in the Past and in the Present	20	(6)
Evaluating Specific Policies with Reference to Outcomes	21	(1)
Ethical Reasoning from First Principles	22	(3)
Relativism	25	(1)
Toward Ethical Reasoning: An Eclectic Approach	26	(2)
From Ethical Reasoning to Policy Advocacy	28	(1)
Fashioning a New Society in the Wilderness	29	(34)
The Feudal Inheritance	30	(2)
Social Policy in Medieval Society	32	(1)
The Gradual Unraveling of Feudalism	32	(3)
Policy Choices in the Period of Transition	35	(2)
Positive Policies	35	(2)
Punitive Policies	37	(1)
The American Colonists	37	(4)
Patterns of Continuity	38	(2)
Patterns of Change	40	(1)
The American Revolution as Catalyst	41	(2)
From Revolution to Limited Government	43	(1)
Legitimating Limited Government	44	(1)
Positive Responses to Social Need	45	(4)
Punitive Policies	49	(1)
Harsh Treatment of Out-Groups	49	(9)
Native Americans	49	(4)
African Slaves	53	(3)
The Status of Women	56	(2)
Ominous Signs	58	(1)
Precursors to a Reluctant Welfare State	59	(4)
Social Welfare Policy in the Early Republic: 1789--1860	63	(28)
Social Realities in the New Nation	64	(2)
Immigration and Urbanization	66	(2)
A Moral Crusade	68	(2)
Social Reform Policies	70	(11)
Temperance	70	(2)
Antipauperism Strategies	72	(3)
Character-Building Institutions	75	(4)
Opportunity-Enhancing Policies	79	(2)
Radical Movements: Conspicuous by their Absence	81	(1)
Out-Groups in the Early Republic	82	(9)
Irish Immigrants	82	(2)
The Status of Women	84	(4)
Precursors of the Reluctant Welfare State	88	(3)
Lost Opportunities: The Frontier, the Civil War, and Industrialization	91	(32)
Policy at the Frontier	92	(7)
Land Policy	92	(1)
Conquest and Persecution	93	(4)
Finding Laborers	97	(1)
Appraisal of Frontier Policy	98	(1)
The Civil War and Freed Slaves: An Exercise in Futility?	99	(12)
Origins of the Civil War	99	(6)
Social Policy during the War	105	(1)
Reconstruction	106	(4)
Women, Policy, and the War	110	(1)
Social Policy and Industrialization	111	(7)
Industrialization before the Civil War	111	(1)
Industrialization during the Gilded Age	112	(1)
The Failure of Regulation	113	(5)
The Absence of a Welfare State	118	(5)
Social Reform in the Progressive Era	123	(42)
Realities in Industrial Society	124	(4)
The Genesis of Reform	128	(7)
Catalytic Events	129	(2)
Intellectual Ferment and Public Opinion	131	(3)
The Specter of Social Unrest	134	(1)
Regulatory Reforms in the Progressive Era	135	(2)
The Limited Social Programs of the Progressive Era	137	(4)
Policy Reforms for Women and Children	137	(2)
Private Philanthropy	139	(1)
Other Policy Reforms	140	(1)
The Limited Nature of Progressives' Social Reforms	140	(1)
Cultural and Policy Realities that Limited Reform	141	(2)
Political Realities that Limited Reform	143	(1)
Women and Children: Seizing the Opportunity	144	(1)
Social Reformers and the Bull Moose Campaign of 1912	145	(4)
Out-Groups in the Progressive Era	149	(6)
People of Color	149	(3)
Women and Politics	152	(2)
Immigrants and the Closing of the Doors	154	(1)
The Resilience of Jane Addams and Her Allies	155	(1)
The Emergence of Social Work	156	(5)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	161	(4)
The Early Stages of the New Deal	165	(26)
The 1920s	166	(2)
The Period of Denial: 1929--1933	168	(2)
The Era of Emergency Reforms: 1933--1935	170	(17)
Forces That Promoted Major Reforms	172	(1)
Forces That Limited Roosevelt's Initial Policy Initiatives	173	(6)
Emergency Relief	179	(5)
Reform of the Economic System	184	(3)
Emergency or Permanent Programs?	187	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	188	(3)
Institutionalizing the New Deal	191	(34)
Toward Ongoing Programs	192	(4)
Liberal Forces	192	(3)
Conservative Pressures on Roosevelt	195	(1)
Legislation in the Second Half of the New Deal	196	(10)
The Social Security Act	197	(5)
Labor and Public Works Legislation	202	(4)
The Era of Stalemate: 1937--1941	206	(2)
Policies During the Era of Stalemate	208	(1)
Out-Groups in the New Deal	209	(9)
African Americans	209	(4)
Women	213	(2)
Latinos	215	(1)
Asian Americans	216	(2)
Social Workers in the New Deal	218	(2)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	220	(5)
The Era of Federal Social Services: The New Frontier and the Great Society	225	(47)
World War II, The Postwar Era, and the 1950s	227	(4)
The Failure of Social Reform in the Truman Era	227	(2)
Eisenhower and the Conservative 1950s	229	(2)
The Turn Toward Reform	231	(4)
Domestic Policy During the Kennedy Presidency	235	(7)
Poverty and Civil Rights: Toward Reform	236	(4)
The Course of Reform: Failures and Successes	240	(2)
Kennedy and Johnson: A Study in Contrast	242	(3)
Johnson's Fateful Initial Choice	245	(1)
Johnson's Social Welfare Legacy	245	(7)
Civil Rights Legislation	245	(1)
Earl Warren and the Supreme Court	246	(1)
Medicare and Medicaid	247	(2)
Aid to Education	249	(1)
The War on Poverty, Welfare Reforms, and Food Stamps	250	(2)
The Beleaguered President: 1967--1968	252	(4)
Out-Groups in the 1960s	256	(9)
Women	256	(3)
Gay Men and Lesbians	259	(2)
Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans	261	(3)
People of Color in the Urban Ghettoes	264	(1)
Social Work in the 1960s	265	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	266	(6)
The Paradoxical Era: 1968--1980	272	(32)
Richard Nixon: Political Opportunist	273	(2)
Nixon's Strategy: Floating Coalitions and Outbidding	275	(1)
From Strategy to Policy	276	(9)
Welfare Policy	276	(4)
Social Security	280	(1)
Revenue Sharing and Social Services	280	(2)
Civil Rights	282	(1)
Health Policy and Other Legislation	283	(2)
Nixon's Shift from Reform to Conservatism	285	(3)
The Brief Reign of Gerald Ford	288	(1)
Jimmy Carter: Outsider in the White House	289	(4)
Carter's Domestic Legislation	290	(3)
Carter's Fall	293	(1)
The Hidden Social Spending Revolution of the 1970s	293	(2)
Why Was the Spending Revolution Hidden?	295	(1)
Out-Groups in the 1970s	296	(3)
The Women's Movement	296	(1)
The Mobilization of New Sets of Out-Groups	297	(1)
The 1970s as a Revolution in Rights	298	(1)
The Beginnings of Backlash	299	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	299	(5)
The Conservative Counterrevolution in the Era of Reagan and Bush	304	(45)
The Ascendancy of Conservatism	305	(7)
The Legitimation of Conservatism	307	(1)
Ronald Reagan as Catalyst	308	(1)
Reagan's Emergence as a National Hero	309	(1)
Supply-Side Economics: A Positive Way to Be Negative	310	(1)
The Campaign of 1980: Two Styles	311	(1)
The Reagan Policy Blitzkrieg	312	(10)
The Triumph of Conservatism	316	(1)
OBRA, Tax Reductions, and Deregulation	317	(1)
Reagan's Loss of Momentum	318	(1)
Social Security, Job Training, and Medicare	319	(3)
Moral Reforms	322	(1)
Stalemate	322	(3)
The Election of 1984	322	(1)
Reagan's Second Term	323	(2)
Passing the Torch: From Reagan to Bush	325	(1)
Social Policies of the Bush Administration	326	(3)
Social Spending and the Politics of the Budget	326	(2)
Domestic Reforms	328	(1)
Out-Groups in the Era of Reagan and Bush	329	(13)
Predictions Come True	330	(1)
Poverty and People of Color	330	(3)
Immigrants	333	(1)
Gay Men and Lesbians	333	(2)
People with Disabilities	335	(1)
Women	335	(1)
Children	336	(2)
Aging Americans	338	(1)
Homeless Americans	339	(2)
The Erosion of Rights	341	(1)
The Social Work Profession	342	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	343	(6)
Reluctance Illustrated: Policy Uncertainty during the Clinton Administration	349	(52)
The Ascendance of Bill Clinton	350	(3)
The Search for the Real Bill Clinton	350	(1)
The Search for the New Democrat	351	(2)
The Presidential Campaign of 1992	353	(1)
Clinton's Grim Options	354	(2)
From Social Investment to Deficit Reduction	356	(7)
Developing an Economic Package	356	(1)
A Brief Digression: The Budget Process	357	(2)
The Demise of the Stimulus Package	359	(1)
Early Warning Signs	360	(1)
The Sacrifice of Social Investments	361	(2)
The Second Year: Anticrime Legislation but No Health Reform	363	(3)
The Fight for Health Reform	363	(3)
Anticrime Legislation	366	(1)
Building a Revolution Within the Counterrevolution	366	(2)
The House Republicans Take Charge	368	(2)
The Budget Confrontation of 1995	370	(9)
Toward a Budget Resolution	371	(3)
Toward a Reconciliation Bill	374	(5)
Clinton's Zigzag Course in Late 1995 and 1996	379	(4)
Clinton's Second Term	383	(6)
Out-Groups	389	(8)
Affirmative Action	389	(2)
Immigration	391	(1)
Children	392	(2)
Women	394	(2)
Gay Men and Lesbians	396	(1)
Reluctance Illustrated	397	(4)
Bush's Quest for Realignment	401	(40)
Bush's Quest for Realignment	402	(4)
The Presidential Campaign of 2000	406	(2)
Two Americas	408	(1)
Bush's Domestic Policies	408	(4)
September 11, 2001	412	(2)
Gridlock	414	(2)
Bush Shifts the Agenda Abroad	416	(2)
The War With Iraq	418	(1)
American Social Welfare Policy Abroad	419	(2)
Looking Ahead to 2004	421	(3)
Compaign Issues	424	(3)
Supreme Court Surprises and Uncertainties	427	(1)
Is the Term Out-Group Still Appropriate?	428	(9)
Racial and Ethnic Out-Groups	429	(1)
People Who Are Physically or Mentally Challenged	430	(1)
Aging Americans	430	(1)
Poverty and Economic Inequality	431	(1)
Women	432	(2)
Gays and Lesbians	434	(1)
Immigration	435	(2)
Revisiting the Term Out-Group	437	(1)
Reluctance Illustrated in the Bush Administration	437	(4)
Why Has the American Welfare State Been Reluctant---and What Can We Do about It?	441	(50)
Manifestations of Reluctance	441	(4)
Contextual Causes of Reluctance	445	(13)
Cultural Factors	446	(5)
Economic Factors	451	(3)
Institutional Factors	454	(1)
Social Factors	455	(2)
The Sequence of Events	457	(1)
Legal Factors	458	(1)
Political Processes	458	(5)
Absence of a Powerful Radical Tradition	458	(2)
Nonvoters	460	(1)
The Power of American Conservatives	460	(1)
Moral Crusades	461	(1)
A Rigged System	461	(2)
Reluctance as the Outcome of Numerous Factors	463	(1)
Some Interpretive Challenges	464	(2)
Variations between Eras and Issues	464	(1)
Gauging Missing Factors	465	(1)
Barriers to Social Reform in Other Nations	465	(1)
Some Redeeming Features of the American Welfare State	466	(1)
From Determinism to Social Action	467	(1)
The Case Against the Welfare State	467	(2)
The Case For the Welfare State	469	(4)
Missed Opportunities	473	(1)
Admitting Errors	473	(1)
The Limitations of Public Policy	474	(1)
Would Conservatives' Policies Solve Major Social Problems?	475	(4)
Reducing Social Spending	475	(1)
Delegating Policy Responsibilities to State and Local Government	476	(1)
Privatizing Social Services	476	(1)
Seeking Nongovernmental Substitutes for Publicly Funded Programs	477	(1)
Deterrent Policies	477	(1)
Relying on Personal Responsibility	478	(1)
Social Welfare in the Context of Globalization and Technology in the 21st Century	479	(2)
The Social Reform Tradition in American History	481	(3)
Toward Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy	484	(3)
Participating in Social Movements	485	(1)
Establishing Advocacy Organizations	485	(1)
Seeking Social Reforms from within the Government	485	(1)
Educating the Public as a Prelude to Social Reforms	486	(1)
Electing Reform-Oriented Candidates to Office	486	(1)
Influencing Policy from Organizational Settings	486	(1)
Whistle-blowers	487	(1)
Moving beyond History	487	(4)
Name Index	491	(3)
Subject Index	494