Remediation Engineering: Design Concepts

by Suthersan; Suthan S.

• ISBN13: 9781566701372
• ISBN10: 1566701376
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-10-24
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

An excellent non-biased compilation and review of the many methods, equipment, measures, and techniques currently available for chemical spill cleanup.

Table of Contents

Remediation Engineering	1	(3)
Introduction	1	(1)
Practice of Remediation Engineering	2	(1)
Contaminant Characteristics and Partitioning	3	(24)
Introduction	3	(1)
Contaminant Characteristics	4	(9)
Organic Contaminants	4	(3)
Lump Parameters	7	(1)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)	8	(1)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)	8	(1)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)	9	(1)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)	9	(1)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)	9	(1)
Metal Contaminants	9	(1)
Contaminant Properties	9	(1)
Solubility	9	(2)
Vapor Pressure	11	(1)
Henry's Law Constant	12	(1)
Density	12	(1)
Liquid Viscosity	13	(1)
Interfacial Tension with Water	13	(1)
Hydrodynamic Processes	13	(2)
Groundwater Sampling	15	(1)
Transport in the Unsaturated Zone	15	(2)
Abiotic Processes	17	(6)
Adsorption	17	(3)
Ion Exchange	20	(1)
Hydrolysis	21	(1)
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions	22	(1)
Precipitation and Solubilization	23	(1)
Biotic Processes	23	(1)
Summary	24	(3)
References	25	(2)
Soil Vapor Extraction	27	(64)
Introduction	27	(1)
Governing Phenomena	28	(17)
Airflow Characteristics	28	(1)
Mathematical Evaluation of Airflow	28	(2)
Soil Air Permeability	30	(3)
Contaminant Partitioning	33	(1)
Contaminant Properties	34	(1)
Vapor Pressure	34	(2)
Water Solubility	36	(1)
Henry's Law Constant	36	(1)
Soil Adsorption Coefficient	37	(3)
Biodegradability of Contaminant	40	(1)
Weathering	40	(1)
Other Contaminant Properties	40	(1)
Contaminant Partitioning Summary	40	(1)
Soil Properties	41	(1)
Soil Porosity	41	(1)
Water Content	42	(1)
Soil Heterogeneity	42	(1)
Surface Seals and Air Inlet Wells	42	(2)
Depth to Water Table	44	(1)
Applicability	45	(3)
Contaminant Applicability	46	(1)
Site Characterization	47	(1)
System Design	48	(23)
Pilot Testing	49	(3)
Design Approaches	52	(1)
Empirical Approach	52	(2)
Radius of Influence Approach	54	(2)
Modeling Approach	56	(1)
Example of a Modeling Approach	57	(14)
Bioventing	71	(6)
Laboratory Testing	72	(1)
Design of Bioventing Systems	72	(1)
Airflow Rate	72	(1)
Soil Moisture	73	(1)
Temperature	73	(1)
In Situ Respiration Test	74	(1)
Equipment	74	(1)
Test Procedures	75	(1)
Modified Applications of Bioventing	75	(1)
Closed Loop Bioventing	75	(1)
Bioventing with Pressure Dewatering	76	(1)
Intrinsic Bioventing	77	(1)
Monitoring Requirements	77	(1)
Vapor Treatment Technologies	77	(14)
Thermal Oxidation	77	(3)
Catalytic Oxidation	80	(1)
Adsorption	81	(3)
Condensation	84	(1)
Biofiltration	85	(1)
Membrance Filtration	86	(2)
Cost Considerations	88	(1)
References	88	(3)
In Situ Air Sparging	91	(32)
Introduction	91	(1)
Governing Phenomena	91	(3)
In Situ Air Stripping	93	(1)
Direct Volatilization	93	(1)
Biodegradation	94	(1)
Applicability	94	(2)
Examples of Contaminant Applicability	94	(1)
Geologic Considerations	95	(1)
Description of the Process	96	(4)
Air Injection into Water-Saturated Soils	96	(1)
Mounding of Water Table	97	(1)
Distribution of Airflow Pathways	97	(2)
Groundwater Mixing	99	(1)
System Design Parameters	100	(8)
Air Distribution (Zone of Influence)	101	(3)
Depth of Air Injection	104	(1)
Air Injection Pressure and Flow Rate	105	(1)
Injection Mode (Pulsing and Continuous)	106	(1)
Injection Wells Construction	106	(1)
Contaminant Type and Distribution	106	(2)
Pilot Testing	108	(1)
Monitoring Considerations	109	(1)
Process Equipment	110	(3)
Air Compressor or Air Blower	111	(1)
Other Equipment	112	(1)
Modifications to Conventional Air Sparging Application	113	(3)
Horizontal Trench Sparging	113	(1)
In-Well Air Sparging	114	(1)
Biosparging	115	(1)
Vapor Recovery via Trenches	115	(1)
Pneumatic Fracturing for Vapor Recovery	116	(1)
Cleanup Rates	116	(2)
Limitations	118	(1)
Knowledge Gaps	119	(1)
Summary of Case Studies in the Literature	119	(4)
References	120	(3)
In Situ Bioremediation	123	(36)
Introduction	123	(1)
Microbial Metabolism	124	(2)
Metabolism Modes	125	(1)
Microbial Reactions and Pathways	126	(10)
Hydrocarbons Degradation	127	(1)
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons	127	(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	128	(2)
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	130	(2)
Chlorinated Organics Degradation	132	(1)
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (CAHs)	132	(1)
Anaerobic Cometabolic Transformation of CAHs	132	(2)
Aerobic Cometabolic Transformation of CAHs	134	(2)
Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons	136	(1)
Biodegradation Kinetics and Rates	136	(2)
Environmental Factors	138	(5)
Microbial Factors	139	(1)
Nutrients	140	(1)
Physical---Chemical Factors	141	(1)
Temperature	141	(1)
pH	141	(1)
Moisture Content	142	(1)
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential	143	(1)
In Situ Bioremediation Systems	143	(11)
Screening Criteria	144	(1)
Raymond Process	145	(1)
Denitrification-Based In Situ Bioremediation	146	(1)
Pure Oxygen Injection	146	(2)
Methanotrophic Biodegradation	148	(1)
Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation	149	(1)
Oxygen Release Compounds	149	(1)
Natural Intrinsic Bioremediation	149	(1)
Concept of Bio-Buffering	150	(2)
Evaluation of Natural Intrinsic Bioremediation	152	(2)
Biomodeling	154	(1)
Primary Knowledge Gaps	154	(5)
References	155	(4)
Vacuum-Enhanced Recovery	159	(28)
Introduction	159	(1)
Process Description and Basic Principles	160	(1)
Mass Removal Mechanisms	160	(2)
Applicability of the Technology	162	(1)
Pilot Test Procedures	163	(3)
Test and Monitoring Wells	163	(1)
Equipment Needs	163	(1)
Test Method and Monitoring	164	(1)
Estimation of Mass Removal	164	(2)
System Design	166	(12)
Well Design	167	(1)
Drop Tube	167	(1)
Valves	167	(1)
Well Spacing and Groundwater Influence	167	(3)
Distance to Stagnation Point	170	(1)
Width of Capture Zone at Extraction Well	170	(2)
Example Calculations	172	(1)
Pumping System Design	173	(3)
Liquid Ring Pump	176	(1)
Sizing of Liquid Ring Pump	176	(1)
Cavitation	177	(1)
Jet Pumps (Eductor-Type Pumps)	178	(1)
Limitations	178	(1)
Case Study	179	(8)
Background	179	(2)
Operating Parameters	181	(1)
Influent Quality	181	(4)
Summary	185	(1)
References	185	(2)
In Situ Reactive Walls	187	(28)
Introduction	187	(1)
Description of the Process	187	(5)
Permeable Reactive Trench	188	(1)
Funnel and Gate Systems	189	(1)
Single Gate System	189	(3)
Multiple Gate System	192	(1)
Design Approaches	192	(14)
System Geometry	192	(1)
Funnel Width and Angle	193	(1)
Gate Width	193	(1)
Gate Permeability	194	(1)
System Installation	194	(1)
Permeable Reactive Trenches	194	(1)
Types of Funnel Walls	194	(1)
Slurry Walls	195	(1)
Sheet Pile Walls	196	(1)
Applicable Reactive Processes	197	(1)
Air Stripping	197	(1)
In Situ Bioreactors	197	(2)
Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Dechlorination	199	(3)
Adsorption	202	(1)
Liquid-Phase Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)	203	(1)
Ion Exchange Resins	203	(1)
Precipitation	204	(1)
Chemical Oxidation	205	(1)
Residence Time	205	(1)
Downgradient Pumping	206	(1)
Case Study	206	(6)
Groundwater Flow Patterns	206	(2)
Underflow of Barrier	208	(1)
Number and Location of Gates	209	(1)
Gradient Control	209	(2)
Gate Design	211	(1)
Literature Reportings	212	(3)
References	214	(1)
In Situ Reactive Zones	215	(22)
Introduction	215	(1)
Types of In Situ Reactions	216	(8)
Heavy Metals Precipitation	216	(3)
Chromium Precipitation	219	(1)
Arsenic Precipitation	220	(1)
In Situ Denitrification	221	(1)
Abiotic Reduction by Dithionite	222	(1)
In Situ Chemical Oxidation	222	(2)
In Situ Microbial Mats	224	(1)
Aquifer Parameters and Transport Mechanisms	224	(1)
Contaminant Removal Mechanisms	225	(1)
Design of In Situ Reactive Zones	225	(5)
Optimum Pore Water Chemistry	226	(2)
Reactions and Reagents	228	(1)
Injection of Reagents	228	(2)
Laboratory Bench-Scale Studies	230	(1)
Regulatory Issues	230	(1)
Future Work	231	(1)
Case Study	232	(5)
Introduction	232	(1)
Injection/Monitoring Well System	232	(2)
Solution Feed System	234	(1)
Monitoring Events	234	(2)
References	236	(1)
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing	237	(18)
Introduction	237	(1)
Applicability	237	(2)
Geologic Conditions	238	(1)
Description of the Process	239	(5)
Hydraulic Fracturing	240	(2)
Pneumatic Fracturing	242	(2)
Feasibility Evaluation	244	(1)
Geologic Characterization	244	(1)
Geotechnical Characterization	244	(1)
Pilot Testing	245	(4)
Area Selection	246	(1)
Baseline Permeability/Mass Recovery Estimation	246	(1)
Fracture Point Installation	246	(1)
Test Method and Monitoring	247	(1)
Fracture Aperture	247	(1)
Fracture Spacing	247	(1)
Fracture Orientation	247	(1)
Enhancement of Vapor of Fluid Movement	248	(1)
System Design	249	(1)
Integration with Other Technologies	250	(5)
Soil Vapor Extraction Combined with Fracturing	250	(2)
In Situ Bioremediation	252	(1)
Reductive Dechlorination	252	(1)
In Situ Vitrification or In Situ Heating	252	(1)
In Situ Electrokinetics	252	(2)
References	254	(1)
Phytoremediation	255	(10)
Introduction	255	(1)
Phytoremediation Mechanisms of Organic Contaminants	256	(2)
Direct Uptake	256	(1)
Degradation in Rhizosphere	257	(1)
Phytoremediation Mechanisms of Heavy Metals	258	(2)
Phytostabilization of Heavy Metals	258	(1)
Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals	258	(1)
Phytosorption and Phytofiltration of Heavy Metals	259	(1)
Phytoremediation of Nitrogen Compounds	260	(1)
Field Applications of Phytoremediation	260	(3)
Limitations and Knowledge Gap	263	(2)
References	263	(2)
Pump and Treat Systems	265	(36)
Introduction	265	(1)
Definition of the Problem	266	(3)
Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Parameters	266	(1)
Contaminants of Concern	266	(1)
Water Chemistry	267	(1)
Flow Rate	268	(1)
Physical and Regulatory Constraints	268	(1)
Design Objectives	269	(1)
Screening of Options	269	(27)
Oil/Water Separation	271	(2)
Air Stripping	273	(1)
Countercurrent Packed Columns	274	(2)
Multiple Chamber Fine Bubble Aeration System	276	(1)
Low Profile Sieve Tray Air Stripper	276	(1)
Significance of Water Chemistry	277	(2)
Effluent Air Treatment	279	(1)
Steam Stripping	279	(1)
Carbon Adsorption	280	(1)
Carbon Adsorption System Design	281	(3)
Chemical Oxidation	284	(1)
Biodegradation	285	(6)
Membrance Filtration	291	(2)
Ion Exchange	293	(1)
Metals Precipitation	294	(1)
Hydroxide Precipitation	294	(1)
Sulfide Precipitation	295	(1)
Carbonate Precipitation	295	(1)
Treatment System Engineering	296	(1)
Process Engineering	296	(1)
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering	296	(1)
Permitting	297	(4)
Treated Water Discharge Permit	297	(1)
Air Discharge Permit	298	(1)
References	298	(3)
Stabilization and Solidification	301	(12)
Introduction	301	(3)
Sorption and Surfactant Processes	301	(1)
Emulsified Asphalt	301	(1)
Bituminization	302	(1)
Vitrification	302	(1)
Modified Sulfur Cement	302	(1)
Inorganic Cementitious Processes	302	(1)
Use of Additives in S/S Systems	303	(1)
Potential Applications	304	(1)
Stabilization of Metals	304	(1)
Stabilization of Wastes Containing Organics	305	(1)
Testing Required to Evaluate Wastes Before and After Stabilization/Solidification	305	(2)
Physical Tests	305	(1)
Chemical Tests	306	(1)
Field Applications	307	(6)
Ex Situ Applications	307	(1)
In Situ Applications	307	(4)
References	311	(2)
Appendix A List of Potential Remediation Technologies	313	(4)
Appendix B Description of Flow Devices	317	(8)
Appendix C Physical Properties of Some Common Environmental Contaminants	325	(14)
Appendix D Environmental Degradation Rates for Selected Organic Compounds	339	(12)
Index	351