Remediation Hydraulics

by Payne; Fred C.

• ISBN13: 9780849372490
• ISBN10: 0849372496
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-03-27
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

In situtreatments involving the arrangement of contact between prospective reactants in complex porous media require a refined understanding of solute migration. However, the tools and methods used to predict and control fluid movement in the subsurface need significant improvement. Practitioners and regulators must develop novel methods to achieve an advanced understanding of treatment mechanisms. Remediation Hydraulicsaddresses the need to predict and control fluid movement in the subsurface. It demonstrates how to conduct realistic assessments of contaminant plume structure and achieve contact between injected reagents and target compounds. The book describes both the advection-dispersion and continuous random walk theories of mass transport as well as explains the practical implications of each theory in remedial system design. In addition, it devotes an entire section to the development of conceptual site models and hydrostratigraphic characterization techniques thatwill aid practitioners in assessing the role of depositional environments in patterning groundwater flows and containment distributions. Based the authors' sound experience at over one hundred groundwater treatment projects, this bookprovides an arsenal of relevant theories and practical applications to aid practitioners and regulators in the prediction of fluid movement in the subsurface as well as in the design of pilot to full-scale remediation systems.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
About the Authors	p. xxi
Fluids and Surfaces	p. 1
Cohesion and Surface Tension	p. 1
Surface Energy and Wetting	p. 6
Interfacial Tension, Capillarity, and Entry Pressure	p. 9
Surfactants	p. 11
Viscosity	p. 12
Laminar and Turbulent Flows	p. 14
Friction Factors and Pipe Pressure Loss	p. 15
Density and Compressibility	p. 16
Impacts of Temperature and Dissolved Solids on Fluid Properties	p. 17
Properties of Porous Media	p. 21
Skeletal Matrix	p. 22
Grain-Size Distribution	p. 24
Composition	p. 31
Density	p. 33
Effective Stress	p. 35
Porosity	p. 37
Compressibility and Consolidation	p. 38
Aquifer Storage Concepts	p. 40
Specific Storage	p. 40
Storativity	p. 41
Specific Yield	p. 41
Aquifer Heterogeneity	p. 42
Groundwater Flow Concepts	p. 47
Viscous Flow	p. 49
Darcy's Law	p. 53
Laminar and Turbulent Flows	p. 56
Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability	p. 59
Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 63
Mobile and Immobile Porosities	p. 67
Anisotropy and Structure	p. 69
Using Flow Vectors	p. 70
Flow at Discontinuities	p. 72
Darcy's Law in Radial Flow	p. 73
Flow Equations	p. 75
Concentration of Flow	p. 78
Multi-Fluid and Non-Aqueous Flow	p. 83
Intrinsic Permeability and Saturated Conductivity	p. 84
Saturated NAPL Flow	p. 85
Waste Solvent Pit Example	p. 85
Coal Tar Example	p. 88
Relative Permeability and Conductivity in Two-Fluid Systems	p. 89
Saturation and Capillary Pressure	p. 89
NAPL-Water Systems	p. 92
Entry Pressures and Vertical Non-Aqueous Liquid Mobility	p. 97
NAPL Entry into Well Screens	p. 102
Impact of Site Activities on Vertical NAPL Mobility	p. 105
Gas Induced Groundwater Conductivity Decreases	p. 106
Solute Dispersion in Porous Media	p. 107
Definitions	p. 109
Advection-Dispersion	p. 110
Reconsideration of the Dispersivity Term	p. 111
Fundamentals of Molecular Diffusion	p. 116
Molecular Diffusion in Heterogeneous Porous Media	p. 120
An Applications Based Outlook on Dispersivity and Diffusivity	p. 131
Reactive and Sorptive Processes	p. 133
Sorptive Processes	p. 133
Adsorption	p. 133
Absorption	p. 134
Multi-Compartment Sorption Models	p. 139
Precipitation	p. 141
Gas-Generating Reactions	p. 145
Mobilization of Colloids	p. 145
Contaminant and Reagent Mass Transport	p. 147
Aquifer Mass Storage Capacities	p. 148
Solute Transfers between Mobile and Immobile Porosities	p. 153
Steady-State Concepts	p. 160
Plume Development and Retreat	p. 164
Migration of a Clean Water Front	p. 171
Conceptual Site Models	p. 175
Elements of the Site Concept	p. 175
Accounting for Realistic Aquifer Behaviors	p. 178
Testing Conceptual Site Models	p. 180
Case Study 1	p. 180
Case Study 2	p. 183
Case Study 3	p. 185
Hydrostratigraphic Characterization	p. 189
Soil Classification Systems	p. 191
Depositional Forms and Processes	p. 195
Facies and Depositional Models	p. 197
Stratigraphic Logging Technique	p. 206
Creating Stratigraphic Logs	p. 206
Sampling Methods	p. 209
Soil Sampling and Logging Methods	p. 209
Direct-Push Techniques	p. 209
Sonic Techniques	p. 209
Cone Penetrometer Testing	p. 210
Coordinated Hydrostratigraphic and Groundwater Sampling	p. 214
Vertical Aquifer Profiling Methods	p. 214
Coordinated Study Examples	p. 215
CPT with Discrete-Interval Sampling	p. 215
CPT with Membrane Interface Probe	p. 218
Sampling Bias Associated with Vertical Profiling	p. 219
Stratigraphic Contrast	p. 220
Principles of Well Design	p. 223
Elements of Well Design and Construction	p. 223
Screen and Filter Pack Design and Construction	p. 226
Flow Limitations and Screen Hydraulics	p. 226
Matching Screens and Filter Pack to Formations	p. 229
Natural Filter Packs	p. 232
Engineered Filter Packs	p. 232
Example Well Design Problem	p. 234
Injection-Optimized Wells	p. 235
Monitoring-Optimized Wells	p. 238
Well Development	p. 239
Granular Aquifers	p. 240
Fine-Grained and Stratified Aquifers	p. 241
Well Economics	p. 241
Design and Interpretation of Aquifer Characterization Tests	p. 243
Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 244
Grain-Size Analysis	p. 246
Cone-Penetrometer (CPT) Dissipation Testing	p. 246
Slug Testing	p. 247
Case Study - Slug Testing in High-Conductivity Aquifers	p. 248
Pumping Tests	p. 248
Case Study - Pumping Tests and Heterogeneity	p. 250
Monitoring Approaches - What a Monitoring Well Sees	p. 258
Sampling Methods	p. 259
Case Study - Sampling in a Heterogeneous Formation	p. 260
Model Parameters	p. 260
Transport Modeling Results	p. 261
Comparison of Breakthrough Curves	p. 263
Evaluation of Sampling Methods	p. 266
Summary of Case Study Results	p. 272
Tracer Study Design and Interpretation	p. 273
Tracer Study Design and Layout	p. 274
Tracer Profiles and Breakthrough Curves	p. 276
Tracer Volumes and Estimates of Mobile Porosity	p. 279
Calculating the Center of Mass	p. 281
Tracer Selection Criteria and Available Tracers	p. 286
Controlling Tracer Distribution	p. 291
Tracer Case Studies	p. 292
Case Study 1	p. 292
Case Study 2	p. 294
Case Study 3	p. 298
Case Study 4	p. 302
Case Study 5	p. 309
Summary of Key Tracer Study Findings	p. 313
Using Tracers to Detect Displacement	p. 314
Injection Based Reactive Zone Design	p. 317
How an Aquifer Accommodates Injected Fluid	p. 319
Inertia, Friction and Water Mounding	p. 319
Radial Flow Example	p. 320
Impacts of Drilling Methods and Line Losses	p. 325
Vertical Accommodation Rate	p. 326
Large-Scale Field Trial	p. 330
Displacement concepts	p. 332
Pressure Limits and Formation Failure	p. 336
Soil Strength	p. 338
Matrix Failure and Hydraulic Fracturing	p. 342
Unconfined Aquifers	p. 347
Confined Aquifers	p. 351
Over-Consolidated Soils	p. 352
Allowable Injection Pressures	p. 354
Injection Well Capacity Testing	p. 355
Creating Reactive Zones through Reagent Injection	p. 357
Natural Gradient Reagent Distribution	p. 358
Recirculation Approaches	p. 361
Dipole system	p. 362
Flow Networks in Confined Systems	p. 364
Injection Equipment Example	p. 364
Flow Controlling Reactive Zone Designs	p. 369
Funnel and Gate	p. 369
Permeable Reactive Barriers	p. 374
Hydraulic Fracturing	p. 377
Clay - Zero Valent Iron Systems	p. 381
Summary of New Developments and Their Implications	p. 385
A Shifting Model of the Subsurface	p. 385
Mapping Heterogeneities - Toward a Quantitative	p. 387
Conceptual Site Model	p. 387
Developing Methods in Quantitative Hydrogeology	p. 389
Adaptive Design and Other Closing Points for Consideration	p. 390
References	p. 391
Index	p. 397
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