Remote Sensing Change Detection : Environmental Monitoring Methods and Applications

by Lunetta, Ross S.; Elvidge, Christopher D.

• ISBN13: 9781575040370
• ISBN10: 1575040379
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Applications, Project Formulation, and Analytical Approach
Introduction	1	(1)
Applications	2	(1)
Project Formulation	3	(1)
Problem Definition	4	(1)
Product Specifications	5	(1)
Data Requirements	6	(1)
Data Availability	7	(1)
Data Acquisition Costs	7	(1)
Data Analysis Costs	8	(1)
Analytical Approach	8	(1)
Data Acquisition and Preprocessing	8	(1)
Geometric and Radiometric Corrections	9	(1)
Data Normalization	10	(1)
Change Detection Analysis	10	(4)
Accuracy Assessment	14	(1)
Summary	14	(7)
Survey of Multispectral Methods for Land Cover Change Analysis
Introduction	21	(1)
Land Cover Change	21	(1)
Digital Remote Sensing of Land Cover Change	22	(1)
Scene Selection and Preprocessing: Optimizing for Digital Land Cover Change Detection	22	(2)
Spectral Change Identification Methods	24	(1)
Spectral Change Identification Methods with Pixel-Wise Operations	25	(3)
Spectral Change Identification Methods with Scene-Wise Operations	28	(4)
Post-Classification Comparison Methods	32	(1)
Direct Multidate Classification Methods	32	(1)
Hybrid Methods	33	(1)
Examples	33	(1)
Post-Classification Land Cover Change Analysis	33	(2)
Land Cover Change Analysis Using Spectral Change Identification	35	(1)
Conclusion	35	(6)
North American Landscape Characterization: ``Triplicate'' Data Sets and Data Fusion Products
Introduction	41	(1)
Background	42	(1)
Approach	43	(1)
Satellite Data Acquisitions	43	(1)
New Data Acquisitions and Archival Scene Selection	44	(1)
Triplicate Data Sets	44	(1)
Database Development	44	(1)
Land Cover Categorization	45	(1)
Accuracy Assessment	46	(1)
Database Availability and Distribution	47	(1)
NALC Project Results	48	(1)
Triplicate Images	48	(1)
Categorization Products	48	(1)
Carbon Inventory Products	48	(1)
Discussion	49	(1)
Summary	50	(3)
Classification-Based Change Detection: Theory and Applications to the NALC Data Set
Introduction	53	(1)
Background	54	(1)
Classification-Based Change Detection	54	(2)
Detecting Change by Classifying the Difference Images	56	(2)
Detecting Change with a Single Classifier	58	(1)
Ancillary Information for the NALC Data Set	58	(1)
Progressive Classification and Change Detection	59	(1)
The Progressive Classification Framework	59	(1)
The Progressive Classification Algorithm	60	(2)
ASCR-Based Change Detection	62	(1)
Relative Radiometric Normalization	62	(1)
Automated Scattergram-Controlled Regression	63	(1)
Identifying Region of No-Change	63	(2)
Benefits of the Approach	65	(1)
Learning from Unreliable Training Sets	65	(1)
USGS Land Use and Land Cover Maps	65	(1)
Systematic Errors	66	(2)
Automated Change Detection	68	(1)
System Architecture	69	(1)
Preprocessing	69	(1)
The Classifier	70	(1)
Summary	71	(4)
An Evaluation of the CoastWatch Change Detection Protocol in South Carolina
Introduction	75	(2)
South Carolina CoastWatch Study Areas	77	(1)
Fort Moultrie, South Carolina	77	(1)
Kittredge, South Carolina	77	(1)
Data Sources and Preprocessing	77	(1)
Image Rectification	77	(1)
Classification of Multiple Dates of Imagery	78	(1)
Classification of the Fort Moultrie Study Area	78	(3)
Classification of the Kittredge Study Area	81	(1)
Change Detection	81	(1)
Treatments	81	(1)
Fort Moultrie Study Area Change Detection	82	(1)
Kittredge Study Area Change Detection	83	(1)
The Effect of Tidal Stage on Wetland Classification in the Fort Moultrie Study Area	84	(1)
Recommendations	85	(1)
CoastWatch Image Data Selection	85	(1)
Image Classification	85	(1)
Change Detection	85	(1)
CoastWatch Products	85	(1)
Summary	86	(3)
Comparison of Methods for Detecting Conifer Forest Change with Thematic Mapper Imagery
Introduction	89	(2)
Theoretical Considerations for CVA	91	(2)
Preliminary Test of Methods	93	(2)
Results and Discussion	95	(3)
Conclusions	98	(1)
Summary	99	(4)
Wildfire Detection with Meteorological Satellite Data: Results from New Mexico During June of 1996 Using GOES, AVHRR, and DMSP-OLS
Introduction	103	(1)
Experiment Description	104	(1)
Sensor Characteristics and Application of Fire Detection Algorithms	105	(1)
GOES	106	(2)
NOAA-AVHRR	108	(1)
DMSP-OLS	109	(1)
Results	110	(2)
GOES	112	(1)
AVHRR	113	(1)
DMSP Smoothed	114	(1)
DMSP Direct Readout	115	(1)
Discussion	116	(1)
GOES	116	(1)
AVHRR	117	(1)
DMSP-OLS	117	(1)
Summary	118	(5)
Detection of Fires and Power Outages Using DMSP-OLS Data
Introduction	123	(1)
The DMSP Operational Linescan System	124	(2)
Methods and Results	126	(1)
Stable Lights	126	(4)
Identification of Fires	130	(2)
Identification of Power Outages	132	(1)
Factors Affecting the Detection of Fires and Power Outages	133	(1)
Summary	134	(3)
Change Identification Using Multitemporal Spectral Mixture Analysis: Applications in Eastern Amazonia
Introduction	137	(1)
Background	138	(1)
Spectral Mixture Analysis	138	(2)
Image Endmembers vs Reference Endmembers	140	(1)
Selecting Reference Endmembers	141	(1)
Reflectance Retrieval and Relative Radiometric Calibration	142	(2)
General Strategy for Change Identification	144	(1)
Examples From Eastern Amazonia	144	(1)
Study Site	144	(2)
Image Processing	146	(2)
Analysis of Fractions	148	(3)
Multitemporal Classification	151	(7)
Summary	158	(5)
Seasonal Vegetation Patterns in a California Coastal Savanna Derived from Advanced Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Data
Introduction	163	(2)
Background	165	(1)
Study Site	165	(1)
Imaging Spectrometry Data	165	(1)
GIS Database and Methods	166	(1)
Image Calibration Procedures	167	(1)
Spectral Mixture Analysis	168	(1)
Spectral Endmember Library	169	(1)
Seasonal Changes in Ecosystem Characteristics	170	(1)
Seasonal Spectral Characteristics of Different Vegetation Types	170	(1)
Temporal Patterns in Liquid Water	171	(1)
Spatial Trends in Surface Properties	172	(3)
Temporal Changes in Surface Composition	175	(1)
Summary	176	(5)
Vegetation Change Detection Using High Spectral Resolution Vegetation Indices
Introduction	181	(2)
Albedo Effect on Ratios	183	(1)
Red-NIR Slope Effect	183	(1)
Nonlinear Mixing Albedo Effect	183	(1)
Study Area	184	(1)
Data Acquisition and Analysis	184	(2)
Results	186	(3)
Summary	189	(2)
Monitoring Trends in Wetland Vegetation Using Landsat MSS Time Series
Introduction	191	(3)
Site Description	194	(1)
Satellite Image Data	195	(1)
Satellite Data Processing	195	(1)
Image-to-Image Coregistration	195	(3)
Calibration to Surface Reflectance	198	(3)
Perpendicular Vegetation Index	201	(2)
Satellite Data Analysis	203	(1)
Chronological PVI Series for the Wetlands	203	(1)
Modeling Mean Annual PVI Curves	203	(1)
Analysis of Vegetation Trends	204	(2)
Summary	206	(5)
Radar Remote Sensing of Wetlands
Introduction	211	(1)
Wetlands	211	(1)
Remote Sensing of Wetlands	212	(1)
Radar Remote Sensing	213	(5)
Detecting Flooding Under Forest Canopies	218	(1)
Mangrove Forests	219	(1)
Detecting Flooding Under Grass Canopies	220	(1)
Complexities in Flood Detection	221	(2)
Soil Moisture and Open Water	223	(1)
Vegetation Orientation and Radar Polarization	224	(1)
Incidence Angle, Orientation, and Polarization	224	(6)
Radar Wavelength	230	(1)
Classification Using Radar Systems	231	(4)
Summary	235	(10)
Radar Interferometry for Environmental Change Detection
Introduction	245	(1)
Basic Principles of Interferometric SAR (InSAR)	245	(1)
Principles of Imaging Radar	245	(1)
SAR Image Phase and Coherence	246	(2)
Configurations for Acquiring Across-Track Interferometric SAR Image Pairs	248	(1)
Geometry of Single-Pass InSAR	249	(3)
Geometry of Repeat-Pass InSAR	252	(3)
Mapping Height with Interferometry: Height Sensitivity and Baseline	255	(3)
InSAR Processing	258	(2)
Differential Interferometric SAR	260	(3)
Key Requirements for Successful Repeat-Pass SAR Interferometry	263	(2)
Limitations and Problems	265	(1)
Earthquake Studies	266	(1)
Case Example: The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake	266	(1)
Use of Differential InSAR for Monitoring of Seismic Activity	267	(2)
Volcano Monitoring	269	(1)
Environmental Monitoring	270	(1)
Topographic Mapping	270	(3)
Measurement of Erosion and Landslides	273	(1)
Tectonic Motion and Ocean Tidal Loading	273	(2)
Subsidence	275	(1)
Glaciers and Ice Sheets	275	(1)
Future Technological Developments	276	(5)
Sampling Systems for Change Detection Accuracy Assessment
Introduction	281	(4)
Sampling Methods	285	(1)
Change Detection	285	(1)
The Change Detection Error Matrix	286	(2)
Inclusion Probabilities for Polygons and Pixels Under Stratification	288	(1)
Sample Size Determination for Estimating Overall Accuracy (Pc) or User's Accuracy Within Stratum i (PUi)	288	(2)
Simple Random Sampling for the Accuracy of Thematic Classes	290	(1)
Increasing Precision	291	(2)
Stratified Random Sampling	293	(1)
Disproportionate Stratified Sampling	294	(6)
Double Sampling with Ratio Estimation	300	(1)
Double Sampling with Regression Estimation	301	(1)
Double Sampling with Regression Estimation for Proportions	302	(1)
Regression	303	(1)
Adaptive Sampling	303	(1)
Stratified Adaptive Sampling	304	(1)
Summary	305	(4)
Index	309