The Renal System; Systems of the Body Series

by Field, Pollock & Harris

• ISBN13: 9780443064784
• ISBN10: 0443064784
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-09-04
• Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

Summary

-- Coverage of major diseases of the renal system equips students for early contact with patients.-- Structure of the book encourages learning: objectives are defined at the beginning of the chapter and self-assessment questions are provided at the end. Part of the Systems of the Body Series, The Renal System offers concise coverage of the core knowledge required on this particular body system. An ideal text for system-based, integrated courses, it stresses the relevance of basic science to clinical medicine and prepares the student for early patient contact.-- Integrated coverage of the structure, function, and major diseases of the renal system -- highly suitable for systems courses.-- Coverage of the basic science is clinically driven -- a common clinical presentation introduces each major topic.-- Clinical cases are used and explained in the chapter rather than merely being present to provide additional interest.-- Attractive, open, two-color page design.

Table of Contents

Urinary Tract Structure and Infection	1	(14)
Introduction	2	(1)
Case history: a febrile child	2	(1)
Normal anatomy of the urinary tract	2	(1)
Structure of the kidney	2	(2)
Innervation of the urinary tract	4	(1)
Embryology of the kidney and urinary tract	5	(1)
Infection of the urinary tract	6	(1)
Aetiology and pathogenesis of urinary tract infection	7	(2)
Investigation of urinary tract infection	9	(1)
Imaging of the urinary tract	10	(1)
Vesicoureteric reflux	11	(2)
Overview: treatment of urinary tract infections	13	(1)
Self-assessment case study	14	(1)
Self-assessment questions	14	(1)
Body Fluids and Nephron Function	15	(20)
Introduction	16	(1)
Case history: fluid and electrolyte depletion	16	(1)
Body fluid and electrolyte distribution	16	(3)
Functional anatomy of the nephron	19	(2)
Sodium transport	21	(4)
Regulation of sodium transport	25	(4)
Potassium transport	29	(1)
Pharmacology of diuretic agents	30	(1)
Principles of fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy	31	(1)
Self-assessment case study	32	(1)
Self-assessment questions	33	(2)
Water Balance and Regulation of Osmolality	35	(14)
Introduction	36	(1)
Case history: a case of polyuria	36	(1)
Causes and assessment of polyuria	36	(1)
Renal mechanisms for urine concentration	37	(4)
Feedback control of plasma osmolality	41	(2)
Failure to concentrate the urine	43	(2)
Failure to dilute the urine	45	(2)
Self-assessment case study	47	(1)
Self-assessment questions	47	(2)
Acid-Base Balance and Regulation of pH	49	(14)
Introduction	50	(1)
Case history: a case of acidosis	50	(1)
Role of the kidney in H+ balance	51	(2)
Distrubances of acid-base balance: acidosis	53	(6)
Disturbances of acid-base balance: alkalosis	59	(2)
Summary of findings in principal acid-base disturbances	61	(1)
Self-assessment case study	61	(1)
Self-assessment questions	61	(2)
Glomerular Filtration and Acute Renal Failure	63	(14)
Introduction	64	(1)
Case history: a presentation with anuria	64	(1)
Renal blood flow	64	(1)
Glomerular filtration	64	(2)
Autoregulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate	66	(1)
Renal excretion and the clearance formula	67	(1)
Measuring the glomerular filtration rate	67	(2)
Urea	69	(1)
Pathophysiology of oliguria	69	(1)
Causes of acute renal failure	70	(1)
Acute tubular necrosis	71	(1)
Overview: assessment and management of a patient with acute renal failure	72	(1)
Biochemical changes in acute renal failure	72	(2)
Complications of acute renal failure	74	(1)
Management of acute renal failure	74	(1)
Self-assessment case study	75	(1)
Self-assessment questions	75	(2)
Proteinuria and the Nephrotic Syndrome	77	(10)
Introduction	78	(1)
Case history: generalized oedema	78	(1)
Pathophysiology of oedema formation	78	(2)
Glomerular anatomy and the filtration barrier	80	(1)
Normal and abnormal proteinuria	80	(1)
Nephrotic syndrome	81	(5)
Natural history and response to treatment	86	(1)
Self-assessment case study	86	(1)
Self-assessment questions	86	(1)
Glomerulonephritis and the Acute Nephritic Syndrome	87	(10)
Introduction	88	(1)
Case history: nephritic syndrome	88	(1)
Urinary sediment examination	88	(1)
Presentation and consequences of glomerular disease	89	(1)
Investigation of glomerulonephritis	90	(1)
Differential diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis	90	(1)
Pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis	90	(4)
Outcome of glomerulonephritis	94	(1)
Clinicopathological correlations in glomerulonephritis	95	(1)
Self-assessment case study	96	(1)
Self-assessment questions	96	(1)
Diabetic Nephropathy and Chronic Renal Failure	97	(10)
Introduction	98	(1)
Case history: diabetes mellitus and renal impairment	98	(1)
Presentation of chronic renal failure	98	(1)
Stages of chronic renal failure	99	(1)
Causes of chronic renal failure	99	(1)
Pathology of diabetic nephropathy and chronic renal disease	99	(2)
Main consequences of chronic renal failure	101	(2)
Progression of chronic renal failure	103	(1)
Principles of treatment	104	(1)
Self-assessment case study	105	(1)
Self-assessment questions	105	(2)
Hypertension and the Kidney	107	(14)
Introduction	108	(1)
Case history: a case of deteriorating blood pressure control	108	(1)
Determinants of normal blood pressure and role of the kidney	108	(1)
Pathogenesis of essential hypertension	109	(2)
The pathology of hypertension	111	(1)
Principles in the management of hypertension	112	(2)
Secondary hypertension	114	(5)
Self-assessment case study	119	(1)
Self-assessment questions	119	(2)
Urinary Tract Obstruction and Stones	121	(10)
Introduction	122	(1)
Case history: loin pain and haematuria	122	(1)
Differential diagnosis of loin pain and haematuria	122	(1)
Imaging of the urinary tract	123	(1)
Pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction	123	(3)
Renal calculi	126	(1)
Principles of treatment	126	(3)
Urological tumours	129	(1)
Self-assessment case study	129	(1)
Self-assessment questions	129	(2)
Drugs and the Kidney	131	(12)
Introduction	132	(1)
Part A	132	(1)
Effect of renal impairment on drug excretion	132	(1)
Case history: too much digoxin?	132	(1)
Principles of drug dosing	133	(1)
Altered pharmacokinetics in renal disease	133	(3)
Drug dosing in renal failure	136	(1)
Part B	137	(1)
Renal impairment induced by drugs	137	(1)
Case history: a predictable reaction	137	(1)
Renal actions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	137	(1)
Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity	138	(1)
Important causes of nephrotoxicity	139	(1)
Self-assessment case study	140	(1)
Self-assessment questions	141	(2)
Answers	143	(10)
Appendix: normal ranges	153	(4)
Glossary	157	(2)
Index	159