Renewable Energy in Power Systems

by Freris, Leon; Infield, David

• ISBN13: 9780470017494
• ISBN10: 047001749X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-09-02
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Renewable Energy (RE) sources differ from conventional sources in that, generally they cannot be scheduled, they are much smaller than conventional power stations and are often connected to the electricity distribution system rather than the transmission system. The integration of such time variable 'distributed' or 'embedded' sources into electricity networks requires special consideration.This new book addresses these special issues and covers the following: The characteristics of conventional and RE generators with particular reference to the variable nature of RE from wind, solar, small hydro and marine sources over time scales ranging from seconds to months The power balance and frequency stability in a network with increasing inputs from variable sources and the technical and economic implications of increased penetration from such sources with special reference to demand side management The conversion of energy into electricity from RE sources and the type and characteristics of generators used The requirement to condition the power from RE sources and the type and mode of operation of the power electronic converters used to interface such generators to the grid The flow of power over networks supplied from conventional plus RE sources with particular reference to voltage control and protection The economics and trading of 'green' electricity in national and international deregulated markets The expected developments in RE technology and the future shape of power systems where the penetration from RE sources is large and where substantial operational and control benefits will be derived from extensive use of power electronic interfaces and controllersThe text is designed to be intelligible to readers who have little previous knowledge of electrical engineering. The more analytical electrical aspects are relegated to an Appendix for readers who wish to gain a more in depth understanding. The book's flexible structure makes its accessible to the general engineer or scientists but also caters for readers with a non-scientific background. Economists, planners and environmental specialists will find parts of the book informative.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Energy and Electricity

The World Energy Scene

The Environmental Impact of Energy Use

Generating Electricity

The Electrical Power System

References

Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation

Introduction

Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear

Hydroelectric Power

Wind Power

PV and Solar Thermal Electricity

Tidal Power

Wave Power

Biomass

Summary of Power Generation Characteristics

Combining Sources

References

Power Balance/ Frequency Control

Introduction

Electricity Demand

Power Governing

Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems

Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability

Frequency Response Services from Renewables

Frequency Control Modelling

Energy Storage

References

Other Useful Reading

Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning

The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form

The Synchronous Generator

The Transformer

The Asynchronous Generator

Power Electronics

Applications to Renewable Energy Generators

References

Power System Analysis

Introduction

The Transmission System

Voltage Control

Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line

Reactive Power Management

Load Flow and Power System Simulation

Faults and Protection

Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations

Reliability Analysis

References

Renewable Energy Generation in Power Systems

Distributed Generation

Voltage Effects

Thermal Limits

Other Embedded Generation Issues

Islanding

Fault Ride-through

Generator and Converter Characteristics

References

Power System Economics and the Electricity Market

Introduction

The Costs of Electricity Generation

Economic Optimization in Power Systems

External Costs

Effects of Embedded Generation

Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy

Electricity Trading

References

The Future - Towards a Sustainable Electricity Supply System

Introduction

The Future of Wind Power

The Future of Solar Power

The Future of Biofuels

The Future of Hydro and Marine Power

Distributed Generation and the Shape of Future Networks

Conclusions

References

Appendix: Basic Electric Power Engineering Concepts

Introduction

Generators and Consumers of Energy

Why AC?

Waveforms

Response of Circuit Components to AC

Phasors

Phasor Addition

Rectangular Notation

Reactance and Impedance

Power in AC Circuits

Reactive Power

Complex Power

Conservation of Active and Reactive Power

Effects of Reactive Power Flow - Power Factor Correction

Three-phase AC

The Th_venin Equivalent Circuit

Reference

Index

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