Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems

by Laplante; Phillip A.

• ISBN13: 9781420064674
• ISBN10: 1420064673
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-03-27
• Publisher: Auerbach Pub

Summary

Solid requirements engineering has become increasingly essential to improved on-time and on-budget delivery of software and systems projects. With a focus on software-intensive systems, Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems provides a comprehensive review of current technology and developments in intelligent systems, soft computing techniques, and their diverse applications in manufacturing.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	p. xv
Introduction	p. xvii
About the Author	p. xxi
Introduction to Requirements Engineering	p. 1
Motivation	p. 1
What Is Requirements Engineering?	p. 2
You Probably Don't Do Enough Requirements Engineering	p. 3
What Are Requirements?	p. 4
Requirements Versus Goals	p. 4
Requirements Level Classification	p. 4
Requirements Specifications Types	p. 6
Functional Requirements	p. 6
Nonfunctional Requirements	p. 7
Domain Requirements	p. 10
Domain Vocabulary Understanding	p. 11
Requirements Engineering Activities	p. 11
Requirements Elicitation/Discovery	p. 11
Requirements Analysis and Reconciliation	p. 12
Requirements Representation and Modeling	p. 12
Requirements Validation	p. 12
Requirements Management	p. 13
The Requirements Engineer	p. 13
Requirements Engineer Paradigms	p. 13
Requirements Engineer as Softward Systems Engineer	p. 14
Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert	p. 14
Requirements Engineer as Architect	p. 14
Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert	p. 14
Ignorance as Virtue	p. 15
Role of the Customer?	p. 15
Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering	p. 16
Complexity	p. 17
Four Dark Corners (Zave and Jackson)	p. 18
Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior	p. 19
The Danger of "All" in Specifications	p. 21
References	p. 22
Mission Statement, Customers, and Stakeholders	p. 23
Mission Statements	p. 23
Encounter with a Customer?	p. 24
Stakeholders	p. 26
Negative Stakeholders	p. 27
Stakeholder Identification	p. 27
Stakeholder Questions	p. 27
Stakeholder/Customer Classes	p. 29
Customer Wants and Needs	p. 30
What Do Customers Want?	p. 30
What Don't Customers Want?	p. 33
Why Do Customers Change Their Minds?	p. 34
Stakeholder Prioritization	p. 35
Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders	p. 36
Managing Expectations	p. 37
Stakeholder Negotiations	p. 38
References	p. 40
Requirements Elicitation	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Elicitation Techniques Survey	p. 42
Brainstorming	p. 42
Card Sorting	p. 42
Designer as Apprentice	p. 44
Domain Analysis	p. 45
Ethnographic Observation	p. 45
Goal-Based Approaches	p. 46
Group Work	p. 48
Interviews	p. 48
Introspection	p. 50
Joint Application Design (JAD)	p. 50
Laddering	p. 51
Protocol Analysis	p. 52
Prototyping	p. 53
Quality Function Deployment	p. 54
Questionnaires	p. 55
Repertory Grids	p. 56
Scenarios	p. 57
Task Analysis	p. 57
User Stories	p. 58
Viewpoints	p. 59
Workshops	p. 60
Elicitation Summary	p. 60
Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used?	p. 60
Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques	p. 63
Elicitation Support Technologies	p. 63
Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation	p. 63
Mobile Technologies	p. 65
Content Analysis	p. 65
References	p. 66
Writing the Requirements Document	p. 69
Requirements Representation Approaches	p. 69
IEEE Standard 830-1998	p. 71
IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Non-Functional Requirements	p. 72
IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements	p. 73
Operating System	p. 74
Command Validation	p. 75
ISO/IEC Standard 25030	p. 76
Use Cases	p. 78
Behavioral Specifications	p. 79
The Requirements Document	p. 81
Users of a Requirements Document	p. 82
Requirements Document Requirements	p. 82
Preferred Writing Style	p. 83
Text Structure	p. 83
Best Practices and Recommendations	p. 84
References	p. 86
Requirements Risk Management	p. 87
What Is Requirements Risk Management?	p. 87
Requirements Validation and Verification	p. 89
Techniques for Requirements V&V	p. 90
Goal-Based Requirements Analysis	p. 90
Requirements Understanding	p. 91
Validating Requirements Use Cases	p. 92
Prototyping	p. 92
The Requirements Validation Matrix	p. 92
The Importance of Measurement in Requirements Verification and Validation	p. 93
Goal/Question/Metric Analysis	p. 94
Standards for Verification and Validation	p. 95
IEEE Standard 830	p. 96
Correctness	p. 97
Ambiguity	p. 97
Completeness	p. 98
Consistency	p. 99
Ranking	p. 99
Verifiability	p. 100
Modifiability	p. 100
Traceability	p. 100
NASA Requirements Testing	p. 101
NASA ARM Tool	p. 101
Imperatives	p. 103
Continuances	p. 103
Directives	p. 105
Options	p. 105
Weak Phrases	p. 105
Incomplete	p. 106
Subjects	p. 107
Specification Depth	p. 107
Readability Statistics	p. 108
Summary of NASA Metrics	p. 108
References	p. 111
Formal Methods	p. 113
Motivation	p. 113
What Are Formal Methods?	p. 114
A Little History	p. 115
Using Formal Methods	p. 116
Formal Methods Types	p. 116
Examples	p. 117
Formalization of Train Station in B	p. 117
Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using Mur	p. 121
Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory	p. 122
Example: An Energy Management System	p. 124
Requirements Validation	p. 126
Theorem Proving	p. 128
Program Correctness	p. 128
Hoare Logic	p. 129
Model Checking	p. 133
Objections, Myths, and Limitations	p. 134
Objections and Myths	p. 134
Limitations of Formal Methods	p. 135
Final Advice	p. 136
References	p. 137
Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies	p. 139
Introduction to Agile Methodologies	p. 139
Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto	p. 140
Extreme Programming (XP)	p. 142
Scrum	p. 143
Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies	p. 144
General Practices in Agile Methodologies	p. 145
Agile Requirements Best Practices	p. 145
Requirements Engineering in XP	p. 147
Requirements Engineering in Scrum	p. 147
Writing User Stories	p. 148
Agile Requirements Engineering	p. 150
Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies	p. 152
Bibliography	p. 153
Tool Support for Requirements Engineering	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Traceability Support	p. 156
Commercial Requirements Engineering Tools	p. 159
DOORS	p. 160
Rational RequisitePro	p. 160
Requirements and Traceability Management	p. 160
CaliberRM	p. 160
QFD/Capture	p. 161
Open Source Requirements Engineering Tools	p. 161
FreeMind	p. 161
Open Source Requirements Management Tool (OSRMT)	p. 163
FitNesse	p. 166
Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices	p. 167
References	p. 168
Requirements Management	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Managing Divergent Agendas	p. 171
Expectation Revisited: Pascal's Wager	p. 173
Global Requirements Management	p. 174
Antipatterns in Requirements Management	p. 176
Environmental Antipatterns	p. 177
Divergent Goals	p. 177
Process Clash	p. 178
Management Antipatterns	p. 178
Metric Abuse	p. 178
Mushroom Management	p. 179
Other Paradigms for Requirements Management	p. 180
Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy	p. 180
Requirements Management as Scriptwriting	p. 181
Reference Models for Requirements Management	p. 182
ISO 9000-3 (1997)	p. 183
Six Sigma	p. 183
Capability Maturity Model (CMMI)	p. 184
IEEE 830	p. 185
IEEE 12207 (2002)	p. 185
ISO/IEC 25030	p. 185
A Case Study: FBI Virtual Case File	p. 186
References	p. 187
Value Engineering of Requirements	p. 189
What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering?	p. 189
What Is Value Engineering?	p. 189
When Does Value Engineering Occur?	p. 190
Estimating Using COCOMO and Its Derivatives	p. 190
COCOMO	p. 191
WEBMO	p. 192
COSYSMO	p. 193
Estimating Using Function Points	p. 194
Function Point Cost Drivers	p. 194
Feature Points	p. 196
Use Case Points	p. 196
Requirements Feature Cost Justification	p. 197
Return on Investment	p. 197
Net Present Value	p. 198
Internal Rate of Return	p. 199
Profitability Index	p. 200
Payback Period	p. 201
Discounted Payback Period	p. 201
References	p. 202
Appendix Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home, Version 2.0, September 20, 2008	p. 203
Glossary	p. 229
Index	p. 233
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.