Research in Communication Sciences and Disorders Methods-Applications-Evaluations

by Meline, Timothy

• ISBN13: 9780131837744
• ISBN10: 0131837745
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-07
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

From one of the best-known authorities in research and research to practice issues comes an important text for teaching research methods and applications. An interactive writing style with technology notes throughout allows instructors to teach content, methods, and evaluation. Application examples and study questions provide many opportunities for formative and summative assessment of student learning.

Table of Contents

PART I Foundations of Science and Research in Communication Disorders	1	(52)
Scientific Inquiry in Communication Disorders Research	3	(20)
The Scientific Method	3	(3)
Scientific Observations	4	(1)
Cause and Effect	4	(1)
Steps in the Scientific Method	5	(1)
Types of Research in Communication Disorders	6	(6)
Basic and Applied Research	6	(1)
Laboratory and Field Studies	7	(1)
Experimental and Quasi-experimental Research Types	7	(3)
Types of Variables in Communication Disorders Research	10	(1)
Operational Definitions in Communication Disorders Research	11	(1)
Research Data in Communication Disorders	12	(8)
The Reliability of Collected Data	13	(1)
Internal Validity in Communication Disorders Research	14	(4)
External Validity in Communication Disorders Research	18	(2)
Conclusion: Scientific Inquiry in Communication Disorders Research	20	(1)
Case Studies: Scientific Inquiry in Communication Disorders Research	21	(1)
Case 1.1: Snooping for Unusual Data	21	(1)
Case 1.2: Nuisance Variables for Professor Ross?	21	(1)
Case 1.3: Question of Time	21	(1)
Student Exercises: Scientific Inquiry in Communication Disorders Research	22	(1)
Ethics in Communication Disorders Research	23	(14)
A Brief History of Research Ethics	23	(2)
Professional Codes of Ethics and Research	25	(4)
Ethical Principle One: Respect for Persons	26	(1)
Ethical Principle Two: Beneficence	26	(1)
Ethical Principle Three: Justice	26	(2)
Statements of Ethics in Research	28	(1)
Issues in Research Ethics	29	(5)
Research Participants	29	(1)
Informed Consent	29	(3)
Privacy and Confidentiality	32	(1)
Collecting Data, Describing Procedures, and Reporting Results	33	(1)
Conflicts of Interest in Research	33	(1)
Honoring Promises and Commitments to Participants	33	(1)
Evidence-Based Practice and Ethics in Research	34	(1)
Conclusion: Ethics in Communication Disorders Research	35	(1)
Case Studies: Evaluating Ethics in Communication Disorders Research
Case 2.1: Mrs. Toller's Dilemma	35	(1)
Case 2.2: Authorship for Professor Baker	36	(1)
Case 2.3: Deception in the Classroom	36	(1)
Student Exercises: Ethics in Communication Disorders Research	36	(1)
Summarizing Observations in Communication Disorders Research	37	(16)
Levels of Measurement in Communication Disorders Research	37	(2)
Nominal Level of Measurement	37	(1)
Ordinal Level of Measurement	38	(1)
Interval Level of Measurement	38	(1)
Ratio Level of Measurement	38	(1)
Summary Statistics in Communication Disorders Research	39	(1)
Descriptive Statistics in Communication Disorders Research	39	(6)
Measures of Location	40	(2)
Measures of Individual Location	42	(1)
Measures of Variability	43	(2)
Statistical Graphics in Communication Disorders Research	45	(4)
Univariate Statistical Graphics	46	(2)
Bivariate Statistical Graphics	48	(1)
Comparing Two or More Samples	49	(1)
Graphing Individual Observations	49	(1)
Conclusion: Summarizing Observations in Communication Disorders Research	49	(1)
Case Studies: Summarizing Observations in Communication Disorders Research	50	(1)
Case 3.1: Collaboration and Consultation	50	(1)
Case 3.2: Challenge for Clinician-Researchers in Schools	51	(1)
Case 3.3: Controlled Experimentation at General Hospital	51	(1)
Student Exercises: Summarizing Observations in Communication Disorders Research	51	(2)
PART II Research Designs for Scientists/Practitioners in Communication Disorders	53	(62)
Group Designs in Communication Disorders Research	55	(15)
Sampling Designs in Communication Disorders Research	56	(2)
Sampling Methods	56	(1)
Selecting Participants for Research Studies	56	(1)
The Issue of Representative Samples	57	(1)
Sample Size and Power	58	(1)
Evaluating Selection Procedures in Communication Disorders	58	(2)
Single-Group Research Designs in Communication Disorders	60	(1)
Shortcomings in Single-Group Designs	60	(1)
Two-Group Research Designs in Communication Disorders	61	(3)
Types of Two-Group Research Designs	61	(1)
The Issue of Group Equivalence	62	(1)
Basic Two-Group Research Designs	62	(2)
Complex Research Designs in Communication Disorders	64	(4)
Multivalent Research Designs	64	(1)
Factorial Research Designs	65	(1)
Multiple-Group Research Designs	66	(1)
Variations of Three-Group Research Designs	67	(1)
Conclusion: Group Designs in Communication Disorders Research	68	(1)
Case Studies: Group Designs in Communication Disorders Research	68	(1)
Case 4.1: A Weak or Strong Design?	68	(1)
Case 4.2: Do Thickened Liquids Work?	68	(1)
Case 4.3: Problem of Matching Participants	68	(1)
Student Exercises: Group Designs in Communication Disorders Research	69	(1)
Qualitative Designs in Communication Disorders Research	70	(15)
Foundations of Qualitative Research	72	(3)
Ethnography	72	(1)
Phenomenology	73	(1)
Field Research	74	(1)
Grounded Theory	74	(1)
Qualitative Research Designs and Methods	75	(6)
The Case Study Method	75	(2)
The Discourse Analysis Method	77	(1)
The Kinesic Analysis Method	78	(1)
The Direct Observation Method	78	(1)
The Participant Observation Method	79	(1)
The Unstructured In-Depth Interviewing Method	80	(1)
Credibility and Transferability in Qualitative Research	81	(1)
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods	82	(2)
Case Studies: Qualitative Designs in Communication Disorders Research	84	(1)
Case 5.1: Career in Speech-Language Pathology?	84	(1)
Case 5.2: Focus on AAC	84	(1)
Case 5.3: Email or Not to Email	84	(1)
Student Exercises: Qualitative Designs in Communication Disorders Research	84	(1)
Single-Case Designs in Communication Disorders Research	85	(15)
Single-Case Designs vs. Group Designs	86	(1)
The Baseline Phase in Single-Case Designs	86	(1)
The A-B-A Single Case Design	87	(2)
Replication in Single-Case Designs	89	(1)
An Example of the A-B-A-B Single-Case Design in Communication Disorders	90	(1)
Visual Inspection Versus Statistical Tests	90	(2)
The Multiple-Baseline Single-Case Design	92	(2)
The Changing-Criterion Single-Case Design	94	(1)
The Simultaneous-Treatment Single-Case Design	95	(1)
Example of the Simultaneous-Treatment Single-Case Design in Communication Disorders	96	(2)
Conclusion: Single-Case Designs in Communication Disorders Research	98	(1)
Case Studies: Single-Case Designs in Communication Disorders Research	98	(1)
Case 6.1: Problem of Limited Resources	98	(1)
Case 6.2: Quest for Evidence of Maintenance	99	(1)
Case 6.3: Balancing Ethics with Scientific Inquiry	99	(1)
Student Exercises: Single-Case Designs in Communication Disorders Research	99	(1)
Alternative Designs in Communication Disorders Research	100	(15)
Distinctive Features of Alternative Designs	100	(3)
Case Study and Ethnographic Designs	100	(1)
Historical Research	101	(1)
Correlational Research	101	(1)
Developmental Research	102	(1)
Survey Research	102	(1)
Correlational Research in Communication Disorders	103	(2)
Developmental Research in Communication Disorders	105	(3)
The Longitudinal Research Design	106	(1)
The Cross-sectional Research Design	106	(1)
The Semi-Longitudinal Research Design	107	(1)
The Survey Research Design	108	(2)
Sampling Issues in Survey Research Designs	108	(1)
Types of Survey Research Designs	109	(1)
Replication Designs in Communication Disorders	110	(2)
Conceptual Replication	110	(1)
Systematic Replication	111	(1)
Direct Replication	111	(1)
Case Examples: Replication Designs in Communication Disorders	111	(1)
Conclusion: Alternative Designs in Communication Disorders Research	112	(1)
Case Studies: Alternative Designs in Communicative Disorders Research	112	(1)
Case 7.1: Case of Too Little Too Late	112	(1)
Case 7.2: Case of the Chicken and Egg	112	(1)
Case 7.3: Long and the Short of It	113	(1)
Student Exercises: Alternative Designs in Communication Disorders Research	113	(2)
PART III Testing Hypotheses in Communication Sciences and Disorders	115	(48)
Testing Hypotheses in Communication Disorders Research	117	(17)
The Hypothesis Testing Process	117	(5)
Step One: State the Hypothesis	117	(1)
Step Two: Set an Acceptable Level of Risk (α)	118	(1)
Step Three: Choose the Sample Size	119	(1)
Step Four: Determine the Critical Value	119	(2)
Step Five: Compute the Test Statistic	121	(1)
Step Six: Make a Decision about Ho	122	(1)
The Normal Distribution	122	(1)
The Standard Normal Distribution	123	(5)
Standard Units	124	(2)
Transformed Standard Scores	126	(1)
Shapes of Frequency Distributions	126	(1)
Skewed Distributions	126	(1)
Other Common Shapes for Frequency Distributions	127	(1)
The Distribution of a Sample Statistic	128	(2)
The Distribution of Sample Means	128	(1)
The Standard Error of the Mean	129	(1)
The Central Limit Theorem	130	(1)
Estimating Population Parameters	130	(1)
Point Estimates vs. Interval Estimates	131	(1)
Student's t Distributions	131	(1)
Conclusion: Testing Hypotheses in Communication Disorders Research	132	(1)
Case Studies: Testing Hypotheses in Communication Disorders Research	132	(1)
Case 8.1: Adam's Dilemma	132	(1)
Case 8.2: Clinical Case for Priscilla	132	(1)
Case 8.3: Question of Parameters	132	(1)
Student Exercises: Testing Hypotheses in Communication Disorders Research	132	(2)
Quantitative Analysis in Communication Disorders Research	134	(14)
Tests for Differences Between Two Groups or Conditions	136	(4)
Tests for Unrelated Samples	136	(4)
Tests for Related Samples	140	(1)
Tests for Differences Between Multiple Groups or Conditions	140	(5)
Simple Analysis of Variance Procedures	141	(1)
Complex Analysis of Variance Procedures	142	(3)
Tests for Analyzing Categorical (Nominal) Data	145	(1)
Case Studies: Quantitative Analysis in Communication Disorders Research	146	(1)
Case 9.1: A Quandary for Klein and Brown	146	(1)
Case 9.2: Inequality Dilemma for the Chavez School Research Team	147	(1)
Case 9.3: Student Researchers Maria and Stephen Seek Advice	147	(1)
Student Exercises: Quantitative Analysis in Communication Disorders Research	147	(1)
Synthesizing Research in Communication Disorders	148	(15)
A Model for Clinical-Outcome Research	149	(1)
Phase I Clinical-Outcome Research	149	(1)
Phase II Clinical-Outcome Research	149	(1)
Phase III Clinical-Outcome Research	149	(1)
Phase IV Clinical-Outcome Research	150	(1)
Phase V Clinical-Outcome Research	150	(1)
Synthesizing Outcomes by Narrative Review	150	(1)
Synthesizing Outcomes by Quantitative Review	151	(9)
Modern Meta-analysis	151	(2)
Step One: Develop a Research Hypothesis and Eligibility Criteria	153	(1)
Step Two: Develop a Search Strategy and Select Studies for Inclusion	154	(2)
Step Three: Convert Study Statistics to a Common Effect-Size Metric	156	(2)
Step Four: Compute a Cumulative Effect and Interpret It	158	(1)
Statistical Models	159	(1)
Case Studies: Synthesizing Research in Communication Disorders	160	(1)
Case 10.1: Database Dilemmas	160	(1)
Case 10.2: More or Less for Professor Moore and Associates	160	(1)
Case 10.3: A Problem of Incompatibility	161	(1)
Student Exercises: Synthesizing Research in Communication Disorders	161	(2)
PART IV Applied Research for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists	163	(32)
Evaluating Research for Practice in Communication Disorders	165	(16)
What Is the Report About?	167	(2)
How Does the Study Fit into What Is Already Known?	169	(1)
How Was the Study Done?	170	(3)
Description of Participants or Subjects	170	(1)
Description of Apparatus and Material	171	(1)
Description of the Procedure	172	(1)
What Was Found?	173	(3)
Do the Results Address Practical Significance and Clinical Importance?	174	(2)
What Do the Results Mean?	176	(2)
Conclusion: Evaluating Research for Practice in Communication Disorders	178	(1)
Case Studies: Evaluating Research for Practice in Communication Disorders	178	(2)
Case 11.1: Professor Matlin's Dilemma	178	(1)
Case 11.2: Collaborating for Reading Fluency	178	(2)
Case 11.3: Implications for Evidence-Based Practice?	180	(1)
Student Exercises: Evaluating Research for Practice in Communication Disorders	180	(1)
Writing for Research in Communication Disorders	181	(14)
The Prewriting/Planning Stage	183	(1)
The Writing/Drafting Stage	184	(6)
Writing the Introduction	185	(1)
Writing the Research Method	186	(1)
Writing the Research Results	186	(1)
Writing the Discussion	187	(1)
Writing the Title and Abstract	188	(1)
Writing the References and Appendix	189	(1)
The Rewriting/Revision Stage	190	(1)
The Editing Stage	190	(1)
The Publication/Presentation Stage	191	(1)
Case Studies: Writing for Research in Communication Disorders	192	(1)
Case 12.1: Plan for Collaborative Writing?	192	(1)
Case 12.2: Will Julie and Eddie Avoid Plagiarism?	192	(1)
Case 12.3: Ana and Jose Need Advice	193	(1)
Student Exercises: Writing for Research in Communication Disorders	193	(2)
Appendix Evidence-Based Practice in Schools: Evaluating Research and Reducing Barriers	195	(20)
Bibliography	215	(12)
Author Index	227	(4)
Subject Index	231