Research Methods A Modular Approach

by Jackson, Sherri L.

• ISBN13: 9780495098904
• ISBN10: 0495098906
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-02-22
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Sherri Jackson's RESEARCH METHODS: A MODULAR APPROACH combines a lively writing style with a novel approach to offer a refreshing alternative for the research methods course. Topics are treated in relatively compact units that, though logically sequenced, can be used in any order. The critical thinking theme that threads through the book engages your thinking by asking you to continually evaluate evidence. .Brief, yet comprehensive, this text will help you master the material in an engaging way.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xviii
Thinking Like a Scientist	p. 1
Science and Psychology	p. 3
Areas of Psychological Research	p. 4
Psychobiology	p. 4
Cognition	p. 5
Human Development	p. 6
Social Psychology	p. 6
Psychotherapy	p. 6
Sources of Knowledge	p. 6
Superstition and Intuition	p. 6
Authority	p. 7
Tenacity	p. 8
Rationalism	p. 8
Empiricism	p. 9
Science	p. 9
The Scientific (Critical Thinking) Approach and Psychology	p. 10
Systematic Empiricism	p. 11
Public Verification	p. 11
Solvable Problems	p. 12
Goals of Science	p. 13
Description	p. 14
Prediction	p. 14
Explanation	p. 14
Basic and Applied Research	p. 14
Summary	p. 15
Review of Key Terms	p. 15
Module Exercises	p. 16
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 16
Web Resources	p. 16
An Introduction to Research Methods	p. 17
Descriptive Methods	p. 17
Predictive (Relational) Methods	p. 18
Explanatory Method	p. 19
Doing Science	p. 22
Proof and Disproof	p. 23
The Research Process	p. 24
Summary	p. 24
Review of Key Terms	p. 24
Module Exercises	p. 25
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 25
Web Resources	p. 25
Summary and Review	p. 26
Getting Started	p. 29
Research Ideas	p. 32
Reviewing the Literature	p. 33
Library Research	p. 33
Journals	p. 33
Psychological Abstracts	p. 35
PsycINFO and PsycLIT	p. 36
Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index	p. 37
Other Resources	p. 37
Reading a Journal Article: What to Expect	p. 39
Abstract	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Method	p. 39
Results	p. 39
Discussion	p. 40
Summary	p. 40
Module Exercise	p. 40
Web Resources	p. 40
Ethical Research	p. 41
Ethical Standards in Research with Human Participants	p. 41
Institutional Review Boards	p. 47
Informed Consent	p. 47
Risk	p. 48
Deception	p. 50
Debriefing	p. 30
Ethical Standards in Research with Children	p. 51
Ethical Standards in Research with Animals	p. 51
Summary	p. 55
Review of Key Terms	p. 56
Module Exercises	p. 56
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 56
Web Resources	p. 56
Defining, Measuring, and Manipulating Variables	p. 57
Defining Variables	p. 57
The Properties of Measurement	p. 58
Identity	p. 58
Magnitude	p. 58
Equal Unit Size	p. 58
Absolute Zero	p. 59
The Scales of Measurement	p. 59
Nominal Scale	p. 59
Ordinal Scale	p. 59
Interval Scale	p. 60
Ratio Scale	p. 60
Discrete and Continuous Variables	p. 61
Types of Measures	p. 62
Self-Report Measures	p. 62
Tests	p. 62
Behavioral Measures	p. 63
Physical Measures	p. 64
Summary	p. 65
Review of Key Terms	p. 65
Module Exercises	p. 65
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 66
Web Resources	p. 66
Reliability and Validity	p. 67
Reliability	p. 67
Error in Measurement	p. 67
How to Measure Reliability: Correlation Coefficients	p. 68
Types of Reliability	p. 69
Test/Retest Reliability	p. 69
Alternate-Forms Reliability	p. 70
Split-Half Reliability	p. 70
Interrater Reliability	p. 70
Validity	p. 71
Content Validity	p. 72
Criterion Validity	p. 72
Construct Validity	p. 72
The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity	p. 73
Summary	p. 74
Review of Key Terms	p. 75
Module Exercises	p. 75
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 75
Web Resources	p. 75
Summary and Review	p. 76
Descriptive Methods	p. 79
Observational and Other Descriptive Methods	p. 81
Naturalistic Observation	p. 81
Options When Using Observation	p. 81
Laboratory Observation	p. 83
Data Collection	p. 84
Narrative Records	p. 84
Checklists	p. 85
Case Study Method	p. 86
Archival Method	p. 87
Qualitative Methods	p. 88
Summary	p. 88
Review of Key Terms	p. 89
Module Exercises	p. 89
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 89
Web Resources	p. 90
Lab Resources	p. 90
Survey Methods	p. 91
Survey Construction	p. 91
Writing the Questions	p. 91
Arranging the Questions	p. 94
Administering Surveys	p. 94
Mail Surveys	p. 94
Telephone Surveys	p. 96
Personal Interviews	p. 96
Sampling Techniques	p. 97
Probability Sampling	p. 97
Nonprobability Sampling	p. 99
Summary	p. 101
Review of Key Terms	p. 101
Module Exercises	p. 101
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 101
Web Resources	p. 102
Lab Resources	p. 102
Summary and Review	p. 103
Predictive (Relational) Methods	p. 107
Conducting Correlational Research	p. 109
Magnitude, Scatterplots, and Types of Relationships	p. 109
Magnitude	p. 110
Scatterplots	p. 110
Positive Relationships	p. 111
Negative Relationships	p. 111
No Relationship	p. 112
Curvilinear Relationships	p. 112
Misinterpreting Correlations	p. 114
The Assumptions of Causality and Directionality	p. 114
The Third-Variable Problem	p. 115
Restrictive Range	p. 116
Curvilinear Relationships	p. 117
Prediction and Correlation	p. 118
Summary	p. 118
Review of Key Terms	p. 119
Module Exercises	p. 119
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 119
Web Resources	p. 120
Lab Resources	p. 120
Quasi-Experimental Designs	p. 121
Nonmanipulated Independent Variables	p. 121
An Example: Snow and Cholera	p. 122
Types of Quasi-Experimental Designs	p. 124
Single-Group Posttest-Only Design	p. 124
Single-Group Pretest/Posttest Design	p. 124
Single-Group Time-Series Design	p. 125
Nonequivalent Control Group Posttest-Only Design	p. 126
Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest/Posttest Design	p. 127
Multiple-Group Time-Series Design	p. 127
Internal Validity and Confounds in Quasi-Experimental Designs	p. 128
Summary	p. 129
Review of Key Terms	p. 130
Module Exercises	p. 130
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 130
Web Resources	p. 131
Lab Resources	p. 131
Conducting Single-Case Research	p. 132
Types of Single-Case Designs	p. 133
Reversal Designs	p. 133
ABA Reversal Designs	p. 133
ABAB Reversal Designs	p. 134
Multiple-Baseline Designs	p. 135
Multiple Baselines Across Participants	p. 135
Multiple Baselines Across Behaviors	p. 136
Multiple Baselines Across Situations	p. 137
Summary	p. 138
Review of Key Terms	p. 138
Module Exercises	p. 138
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 139
Web Resources	p. 139
Lab Resources	p. 139
Summary and Review	p. 140
Explanatory Methods	p. 143
Between-Participants Experimental Designs	p. 145
Control and Confounds	p. 148
Threats to Internal Validity	p. 148
Nonequivalent Control Group	p. 149
History	p. 149
Maturation	p. 149
Testing	p. 150
Regression to the Mean	p. 150
Instrumentation	p. 150
Mortality or Attrition	p. 150
Diffusion of Treatment	p. 151
Experimenter and Participant Effects	p. 151
Floor and Ceiling Effects	p. 153
Threats to External Validity	p. 155
Generalization to Populations	p. 155
Generalization from Laboratory Settings	p. 156
Summary	p. 156
Review of Key Terms	p. 156
Module Exercises	p. 157
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 157
Web Resources	p. 157
Lab Resources	p. 157
Correlated-Groups and Developmental Designs	p. 158
Within-Participants Experimental Designs	p. 158
Matched-Participants Experimental Designs	p. 161
Developmental Designs	p. 163
Cross-Sectional Designs	p. 163
Longitudinal Designs	p. 164
Sequential Designs	p. 164
Summary	p. 164
Review of Key Terms	p. 165
Module Exercises	p. 165
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 165
Web Resources	p. 165
Lab Resources	p. 165
Advanced Experimental Designs	p. 166
Using Designs with More Than Two Levels of an Independent Variable	p. 166
Comparing More Than Two Kinds of Treatment in One Study	p. 166
Comparing Two or More Kinds of Treatment with the Control Group (No Treatment)	p. 167
Comparing a Placebo Group with the Control and Experimental Groups	p. 169
Using Designs with More Than One Independent Variable	p. 169
Factorial Notation and Factorial Designs	p. 170
Main Effects and Interaction Effects	p. 171
Possible Outcomes of a 2 X 2 Factorial Design	p. 173
Summary	p. 177
Review of Key Terms	p. 177
Module Exercises	p. 177
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 177
Web Resources	p. 178
Lab Resources	p. 178
Summary and Review	p. 179
Statistical Concepts	p. 183
Data Organization and Descriptive Statistics I	p. 185
Organizing Data	p. 185
Frequency Distributions	p. 185
Graphs	p. 187
Bar Graphs and Histograms	p. 187
Frequency Polygons	p. 189
Descriptive Statistics	p. 190
Measures of Central Tendency	p. 190
Mean	p. 190
Median	p. 192
Mode	p. 193
Summary	p. 194
Review of Key Terms	p. 194
Module Exercises	p. 195
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 195
Web Resources	p. 196
Statistical Software Resources	p. 196
Descriptive Statistics II	p. 197
Measures of Variation	p. 197
Range	p. 197
Standard Deviation	p. 197
Types of Distributions	p. 201
Normal Distributions	p. 201
Kurtosis	p. 202
Positively Skewed Distributions	p. 202
Negatively Skewed Distributions	p. 203
z-Scores	p. 204
z-Scores, the Standard Normal Distribution, Probability, and Percentile Ranks	p. 206
Correlation Coefficients	p. 213
Advanced Correlational Techniques: Regression Analysis	p. 216
Summary	p. 217
Review of Key Terms	p. 218
Module Exercises	p. 218
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 219
Web Resources	p. 219
Statistical Software Resources	p. 219
Inferential Statistics I-Hypothesis Testing	p. 220
Null and Alternative Hypotheses	p. 220
One- and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests	p. 221
Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing	p. 222
Statistical Significance and Errors	p. 223
Parametric Statistics for Two-Group Designs	p. 225
t Test for Independent Groups (Samples): What It Is and What It Does	p. 226
Calculations for the Independent-Groups t Test	p. 227
Interpreting the t Test	p. 229
Graphing the Means	p. 230
Effect Size: Cohen's d	p. 231
Assumptions of the Independent-Groups t Test	p. 231
Summary	p. 232
Review of Key Terms	p. 233
Module Exercises	p. 233
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 234
Web Resources	p. 235
Statistical Software Resources	p. 235
Inferential Statistics II	p. 236
Comparing More Than Two Kinds of Treatment in One Study	p. 236
Analyzing the Multiple-Group Experiment	p. 237
Between-Participants Designs: One-Way Randomized ANOVA	p. 237
One-Way Randomized ANOVA: What It Is and What It Does	p. 238
Calculations for the One-Way Randomized ANOVA	p. 241
Interpreting the One-Way Randomized ANOVA	p. 245
Graphing the Means and Effect Size	p. 246
Assumptions of the One-Way Randomized ANOVA	p. 247
Tukey's Post Hoc Test	p. 247
One-Way Repeated Measure and Two-Way ANOVAs	p. 249
Summary	p. 250
Review of Key Terms	p. 250
Module Exercises	p. 250
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 252
Web Resources	p. 252
Lab Resources	p. 252
Statistical Software Resources	p. 252
Summary and Review	p. 253
APA Communications Guidelines	p. 259
Communicating Research Findings	p. 261
Writing Clearly	p. 261
Avoiding Grammatical Problems	p. 261
Reporting Numbers	p. 263
Citing and Referencing	p. 264
Citation Style: One Author	p. 265
Citation Style: Multiple Authors	p. 265
Reference Style	p. 265
Typing and Word Processing	p. 267
Organizing the Paper	p. 267
Title Page	p. 267
Abstract	p. 268
Introduction	p. 268
Method	p. 269
Results	p. 269
Discussion	p. 269
References	p. 270
Appendixes and Author Note	p. 270
Tables and Figures	p. 270
The Use of Headings	p. 271
APA Formatting Checklist	p. 272
Conference Presentations	p. 273
Oral Paper Presentations	p. 273
Poster Presentations	p. 273
Summary	p. 274
Module Exercises	p. 274
Critical Thinking Check Answers	p. 274
Web Resources	p. 275
APA Sample Manuscript	p. 276
Summary and Review	p. 294
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	p. 296
Statistical Tables	p. 304
References	p. 316
Glossary	p. 318
Index	p. 326
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