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List of contributors | p. xi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The challenges of palliative care research | p. 2 |
Ethical issues | p. 4 |
Outline of the book | p. 7 |
Conclusion | p. 8 |
References | p. 8 |
Clinical trials | |
Principles of designing clinical trials in palliative care | p. 13 |
Introduction | p. 13 |
Clinical trial terminology | p. 13 |
Basics of clinical trial design | p. 16 |
Randomization | p. 19 |
Blinding | p. 22 |
Determining sample size of a clinical trial | p. 23 |
Conclusion | p. 25 |
References | p. 26 |
Ethical and practical issues in designing and conducting clinical trials in palliative care | p. 27 |
Introduction | p. 27 |
Ethical issues | p. 28 |
Practical issues | p. 33 |
Administrative issues | p. 37 |
References | p. 38 |
Survey research | |
Survey design | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
What is survey research? | p. 45 |
Sampling | p. 46 |
Probability sampling procedures | p. 49 |
Sampling error | p. 52 |
Sampling size | p. 53 |
Response rate | p. 55 |
Non-probability sampling procedures | p. 57 |
Conclusion | p. 59 |
References | p. 59 |
Survey research: methods of data collection, questionnaire design and piloting | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Methods of data collection | p. 61 |
Conducting personal and telephone interview surveys | p. 65 |
Conducting postal surveys | p. 68 |
The design of survey instruments | p. 71 |
Testing survey instruments | p. 78 |
Conclusion | p. 80 |
References | p. 81 |
Epidemiological research methods | |
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs | p. 85 |
Introduction | p. 85 |
Types of study design | p. 86 |
Observational studies | p. 86 |
Quasi-experimental studies | p. 92 |
Conclusions | p. 95 |
References | p. 96 |
Outcome measurement | p. 99 |
What do we mean by outcome measures? | p. 99 |
Why should outcomes be measured in research? | p. 100 |
Issues in choosing an outcome measure for a study | p. 100 |
Moving to a more person-centred and individualized approach in measuring outcomes | p. 103 |
Choice of generic or specific outcome and quality of life measures | p. 104 |
What about developing country contexts? | p. 108 |
Conclusion | p. 110 |
References | p. 110 |
Systematic reviews | p. 115 |
What is a systematic review? | p. 115 |
Why do systematic reviews? | p. 116 |
Are systematic reviews relevant in palliative care? | p. 117 |
When not to do a systematic review | p. 117 |
When systematic reviews are useful | p. 118 |
Defining the aims and questions | p. 118 |
Systematic review methods | p. 119 |
Systematic review methods for qualitative studies | p. 132 |
Conclusion | p. 134 |
References | p. 134 |
Qualitative research methods | |
Qualitative methods of data collection and analysis | p. 139 |
Introduction | p. 139 |
What are qualitative methods? | p. 139 |
When should qualitative methods be used? | p. 140 |
Collecting data for qualitative analysis | p. 144 |
Types of qualitative data | p. 144 |
Ways of gathering qualitative data | p. 145 |
Transforming and processing data for analysis | p. 149 |
Analysing data qualitatively | p. 150 |
Examples of types of qualitative data analysis | p. 153 |
Assessing the quality of qualitative methods | p. 158 |
Conclusions | p. 159 |
Suggested further reading | p. 159 |
References | p. 159 |
Ethical and practice issues in qualitative research | p. 163 |
Introduction | p. 163 |
'Sensitive' research | p. 164 |
Who am I? The role of reflexivity | p. 166 |
Supervision, safety and support | p. 167 |
Negotiating roles and relationships | p. 169 |
Engaging in ethical research practice | p. 171 |
Opting in-ensuring consent is informed | p. 172 |
From the outside looking in, from the inside looking out | p. 174 |
Issues in recording data | p. 176 |
Conclusion | p. 177 |
References | p. 177 |
Evaluating qualitative research | p. 181 |
Introduction | p. 181 |
What are the different criteria relevant for assessing qualitative research? | p. 182 |
Conclusion | p. 188 |
References | p. 188 |
Mixed methods for evaluation research | p. 191 |
What is evaluation research and how does it differ from 'traditional' research? | p. 191 |
Approaches to evaluation research | p. 194 |
Challenges of evaluation research | p. 205 |
Selecting an approach to evaluation | p. 205 |
Conclusion | p. 206 |
References | p. 207 |
Ethnography | p. 211 |
Introduction | p. 211 |
What is ethnography? | p. 212 |
A brief methodological history of ethnography | p. 216 |
Issues of research design and process in ethnography | p. 216 |
Conclusion | p. 225 |
References | p. 225 |
Documentary analysis and policy | p. 229 |
Introduction | p. 229 |
Policy | p. 230 |
Policy analysis | p. 232 |
Discourse and discourse analysis | p. 235 |
Foucault's understanding of discourse | p. 236 |
Undertaking discourse analysis | p. 238 |
An analysis of palliative care discourse | p. 241 |
Conclusion | p. 244 |
References | p. 244 |
How to... | |
How to develop a research question | p. 249 |
Introduction | p. 249 |
The importance of defining a clear research aim | p. 249 |
Generating the research idea | p. 251 |
Prioritizing the research ideas | p. 253 |
Turning the idea into a research question | p. 253 |
Conclusion | p. 256 |
References | p. 256 |
Writing a research proposal | p. 259 |
Introduction | p. 259 |
How are applications appraised? | p. 260 |
Making the application | p. 264 |
Common failings | p. 270 |
Six top tips for success | p. 271 |
References | p. 273 |
How to gain research ethics approval | p. 275 |
Introduction | p. 275 |
What steps can researchers take to facilitate ethics approval? | p. 276 |
Conclusion | p. 282 |
References | p. 282 |
How to use a statistician | p. 283 |
Statistics and statisticians | p. 283 |
How a statistician can help with your research | p. 284 |
Designing a quantitative study | p. 284 |
Estimating the sample size | p. 285 |
Choosing software for data management and analysis | p. 287 |
Collecting data for the study | p. 288 |
Analysing data for the study | p. 288 |
Writing up the study | p. 289 |
How you can help the statistician | p. 289 |
Where to find a statistician | p. 290 |
Conclusions | p. 290 |
References | p. 290 |
How to write a paper | p. 293 |
How to write the paper | p. 293 |
The submission process | p. 297 |
But I can't write | p. 299 |
Motivations for writing | p. 301 |
Conclusion | p. 303 |
References | p. 303 |
Index | p. 305 |
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