Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Overview of the Research Process | p. 1 |
Introduction to Research in Physical Activity | p. 3 |
The Nature of Research | p. 3 |
Unscientific Versus Scientific Methods of Problem Solving | p. 10 |
Alternative Models of Research | p. 14 |
Types of Research | p. 17 |
Overview of the Research Process | p. 20 |
Summary | p. 22 |
Developing the Problem and Using the Literature | p. 25 |
Identifying the Research Problem | p. 25 |
Purpose of the Literature Review | p. 29 |
Basic Literature Search Strategies | p. 31 |
Steps in the Literature Search | p. 32 |
Summary | p. 49 |
Presenting the Problem | p. 51 |
Choosing the Title | p. 51 |
Writing the Introduction | p. 52 |
Stating the Research Problem | p. 54 |
Presenting the Research Hypothesis | p. 56 |
Operationally Defining Your Terms | p. 57 |
Basic Assumptions, Delimitations, and Limitations | p. 58 |
Justifying the Significance of the Study | p. 59 |
The Differences Between the Thesis and the Research Article | p. 61 |
Summary | p. 61 |
Formulating the Method | p. 63 |
How to Present Methodological Details | p. 64 |
Why Planning the Method Is Important | p. 64 |
Two Principles for Planning Experiments | p. 64 |
Describing Participants | p. 65 |
Describing Instruments | p. 67 |
Describing Procedures | p. 68 |
Describing Design and Analysis | p. 72 |
Establishing Cause and Effect | p. 73 |
Interaction of Participants, Measurements, and Treatments | p. 74 |
Summary | p. 75 |
Ethical Issues in Research and Scholarship | p. 77 |
Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty | p. 77 |
Ethical Issues Regarding Copyright | p. 83 |
Model for Considering Scientific Misconduct | p. 85 |
Working With Faculty | p. 86 |
Protecting Human Participants | p. 88 |
Protecting Animal Subjects | p. 90 |
Summary | p. 91 |
Statistical and Measurement Concepts in Research | p. 95 |
Becoming Acquainted With Statistical Concepts | p. 97 |
Why We Need Statistics | p. 97 |
Use of Computers in Statistical Analysis | p. 99 |
Description and Inference Are Not Statistical Techniques | p. 99 |
Ways to Select a Sample | p. 99 |
Justifying Post Hoc Explanations | p. 101 |
Difficulty of Random Sampling and Assignment: How Good Does It Have to Be? | p. 101 |
Unit of Analysis | p. 102 |
Measures of Central Tendency and Variability | p. 103 |
Basic Concepts of Statistical Techniques | p. 107 |
Summary | p. 110 |
Statistical Issues in Research Planning and Evaluation | p. 113 |
Probability | p. 113 |
Meaningfulness (Effect Size) | p. 115 |
Power | p. 116 |
Using Information in the Context of the Study | p. 119 |
Reporting Statistical Data | p. 122 |
Summary | p. 123 |
Relationships Among Variables | p. 125 |
What Correlational Research Investigates | p. 125 |
Understanding the Nature of Correlation | p. 126 |
What the Coefficient of Correlation Means | p. 132 |
Using Correlation for Prediction | p. 135 |
Partial Correlation | p. 138 |
Uses of Semipartial Correlation | p. 139 |
Procedures for Multiple Regression | p. 139 |
Multivariate Forms of Correlation | p. 141 |
Summary | p. 144 |
Differences Among Groups | p. 147 |
How Statistics Test Differences | p. 147 |
Types of t Tests | p. 149 |
Interpreting t | p. 154 |
Relationship of t and r | p. 157 |
Analysis of Variance | p. 157 |
Analysis of Covariance | p. 171 |
Experimentwise Error Rate | p. 171 |
Understanding Multivariate Techniques | p. 172 |
Summary | p. 176 |
Nonparametric Techniques | p. 179 |
Chi Square: Testing the Observed Versus the Expected | p. 181 |
Procedures for Rank-Order Data | p. 185 |
Correlation | p. 186 |
Differences Among Groups | p. 188 |
Summary | p. 191 |
Measuring Research Variables | p. 193 |
Validity | p. 193 |
Reliability | p. 197 |
Methods of Establishing Reliability | p. 200 |
Intertester Reliability (Objectivity) | p. 202 |
Standard Error of Measurement | p. 202 |
Using Standard Scores to Compare Performance | p. 204 |
Measuring Movement | p. 205 |
Measuring Written Responses | p. 205 |
Measuring Affective Behavior | p. 205 |
Scales for Measuring Affective Behavior | p. 207 |
Measuring Knowledge | p. 209 |
Item Response Theory | p. 210 |
Summary | p. 211 |
Types of Research | p. 213 |
Historical Research in Physical Activity | p. 215 |
Research Paradigms | p. 215 |
Lines of Inquiry and Topics | p. 217 |
Designing the Research | p. 220 |
Working With the Evidence | p. 220 |
Summary | p. 228 |
Philosophic Research in Physical Activity | p. 231 |
Identifying the Purposes of Philosophic Research | p. 232 |
Locating a Research Problem | p. 235 |
Analyzing a Research Problem | p. 236 |
Summary | p. 243 |
Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis) | p. 247 |
Using Meta-Analysis to Synthesize Research | p. 248 |
Presenting Effect Size Data | p. 256 |
Summary | p. 257 |
The Survey | p. 269 |
The Questionnaire | p. 269 |
The Delphi Method | p. 280 |
The Personal Interview | p. 281 |
The Normative Survey | p. 284 |
Summary | p. 284 |
Other Descriptive Research Methods | p. 287 |
Developmental Research | p. 287 |
The Case Study | p. 290 |
Job Analysis | p. 293 |
Observational Research | p. 293 |
Unobtrusive Research Techniques | p. 297 |
Correlational Research | p. 298 |
Summary | p. 299 |
Physical Activity Epidemiology Research | p. 301 |
Observational Versus Experimental Research | p. 303 |
What Is Epidemiology? | p. 303 |
Physical Activity Measurement Definitions | p. 305 |
Assessment of Physical Activity | p. 306 |
Epidemiologic Study Designs | p. 309 |
Reading and Interpreting a Physical Activity Epidemiologic Study | p. 318 |
Summary | p. 320 |
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research | p. 321 |
Sources of Invalidity | p. 322 |
Threats to Internal Validity | p. 323 |
Threats to External Validity | p. 326 |
Controlling Threats to Internal Validity | p. 327 |
Controlling Threats to External Validity | p. 329 |
Types of Designs | p. 330 |
Summary | p. 343 |
Qualitative Research | p. 345 |
Contrasting Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Research | p. 346 |
Procedures in Qualitative Research | p. 347 |
Analysis of the Data | p. 352 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 362 |
Summary | p. 363 |
Writing the Research Report | p. 365 |
Completing the Research Process | p. 367 |
Research Proposal | p. 367 |
Developing a Good Introduction | p. 367 |
Describing the Method | p. 368 |
The Proposal Process | p. 369 |
Preparing and Presenting Qualitative Research Proposals | p. 372 |
Writing Proposals for Granting Agencies | p. 373 |
Submitting Internal Proposals | p. 374 |
Completing Your Thesis or Dissertation | p. 374 |
Results and Discussion | p. 374 |
How to Handle Multiple Experiments in a Single Report | p. 378 |
How to Use Tables and Figures | p. 379 |
Summary | p. 386 |
Ways of Reporting Research | p. 389 |
Basic Writing Guidelines | p. 389 |
A Brief Word About Acknowledgments | p. 390 |
Thesis and Dissertation Format: Traditional Versus Journal | p. 390 |
Helpful Hints for Successful Journal Writing | p. 397 |
Writing Abstracts | p. 398 |
Making Oral and Poster Presentations | p. 401 |
Summary | p. 404 |
p. 405 | |
Statistical Tables | p. 405 |
A Brief Historical Overview of Research in Physical Activity in the United States | p. 418 |
Sample Consent Forms | p. 422 |
References | p. 432 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.