Research And Statistical Methods In Communication Sciences And Disorders

by Maxwell, David L.; Satake, Eiki

• ISBN13: 9781401815677
• ISBN10: 1401815677
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-15
• Publisher: Singular

Summary

This engaging new book provides comprehensive coverage of research methods as well as a foundation in statistical analysis vital for individuals in the communication sciences and disorders field. While most speech-language pathologists and audiologists pursue clinical practice rather than research careers, it is important to understand the scientific base that their clinical work is built upon. Successful evidence-based clinical practice is rooted in this understanding. Research and Statistical Methods in Communication Sciences and Disorders covers the principles of research design, data analysis, and presentation of findings necessary for individuals performing research as well as consumers of scientific literature. Filled with meaningful examples, written in readable language, and pertinent to both speech-language pathology and audiology, this resource provides the essential knowledge of scientific reasoning and methods for scientific inquiry necessary to perform and understand research.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
History and Philosophy of Science	1	(22)
Chapter Outline	1	(1)
Learning Objectives	1	(1)
History of Scientific Thought	2	(1)
Nature of Scientific Thought	3	(3)
Scientific versus Nonscientific Knowledge	3	(1)
Logic of Science	3	(1)
Science and Empiricism	4	(1)
Language of Science	5	(1)
Operationism	6	(1)
Reasons for Scientific Inquiry	6	(3)
Testing and Assessing Theories	6	(1)
Eclectic Approach to Research	7	(2)
Clinical Relevance of Science	9	(10)
Evidence-Based Clinical Practice	9	(3)
Clinician-Researcher Collaboration	12	(2)
The Clinical Scientist	14	(5)
Summary	19	(1)
Key Terms	19	(1)
Self-Learning Review	19	(2)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	21	(2)
Getting Started: Basic Concepts of Research	23	(26)
Chapter Outline	23	(1)
Learning Objectives	23	(1)
Variables as the Focus of Research	24	(5)
Definitions and Types of Variables	24	(5)
Introduction to the Types of Research	29	(7)
Quantitative Research	29	(2)
Qualitative Research	31	(3)
True Experimental Research	34	(1)
Quasi-Experimental Research	34	(1)
Nonexperimental Research	35	(1)
Clinical Research	35	(1)
Applied versus Basic Research	36	(1)
The Scientific Method as a Research Process	36	(7)
Structure and Content of a Research Article	37	(6)
Ethics of Research	43	(1)
Summary	44	(1)
Key Terms	44	(1)
Self-Learning Review	44	(2)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	46	(3)
Selecting a Research Problem	49	(22)
Chapter Outline	49	(1)
Learning Objectives	49	(1)
Significant Questions Lead to Significant Answers	49	(2)
Origination of a Question	51	(9)
Using the Library	56	(4)
Rationale for a Question	60	(1)
Feasibility of Answering a Question	61	(1)
Pilot Studies	62	(1)
Ethical Issues and Research Problems	62	(6)
Summary	68	(1)
Key Terms	69	(1)
Self-Learning Review	69	(1)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	69	(2)
Reviewing the Literature and Stating Research Problems	71	(16)
Chapter Outline	71	(1)
Learning Objectives	71	(1)
Reviewing Research Literature	71	(4)
Writing the Literature Review	72	(3)
Stating the Research Problem	75	(2)
Research Question	75	(1)
Research Hypotheses	76	(1)
Null Hypothesis	77	(6)
Statistical Logic of Null Hypotheses	77	(2)
Conceptual Basis of Null Hypotheses	79	(1)
Case for Personal Probabilities in Hypothesis Testing	80	(1)
Case Against Hypothesis Testing	81	(1)
Perspectives of Behaviorism	82	(1)
Summary	83	(1)
Key Terms	84	(1)
Self-Learning Review	84	(1)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	85	(2)
Sampling Theory and Methods	87	(22)
Chapter Outline	87	(1)
Learning Objectives	87	(1)
Choosing a Sample of Subjects	88	(2)
Some Preliminary Concepts and Definitions	88	(1)
Importance of Sampling to Research	89	(1)
Random Assignment versus Random Selection	89	(1)
Types of Populations	90	(1)
Random Sampling Methods	90	(6)
Simple Random Sampling	90	(3)
Systematic Sampling	93	(1)
Stratified Sampling	94	(1)
Cluster Sampling	95	(1)
Nonrandom Sampling Methods	96	(3)
Consecutive Sampling	96	(1)
Convenience Sampling	96	(1)
Purposive Sampling	97	(1)
Snowball Sampling	97	(1)
Matched Samples	97	(1)
Blocking	98	(1)
Selection Bias and Sampling Error	99	(4)
Minimizing Selection Bias and Sampling Errors	100	(1)
When Bigger Is Better	101	(1)
When Smaller Is Better	102	(1)
Statistical Considerations in Selecting a Sample	102	(1)
Sampling and the Generalization of Findings	103	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Key Terms	104	(1)
Self-Learning Review	104	(3)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	107	(2)
Controlling, Measuring, and Recording Variables	109	(38)
Chapter Outline	109	(1)
Learning Objectives	110	(1)
Controlling Variables	110	(8)
Systematic Variance	110	(1)
Error Variance	111	(2)
Sources of Variance	113	(1)
Maximizing Experimental Systematic Variance	113	(1)
Minimizing Random and Systematic Errors	114	(4)
Specifying Measurements	118	(14)
Measurement Utility	118	(1)
Reliability of Measurement	119	(1)
Types of Reliability	120	(6)
Validity of Measurement	126	(1)
Definition of Validity	127	(1)
Types of Validity	128	(3)
Applying Reliability and Validity Measures to Psychometric Assessment	131	(1)
Measurement Scales	132	(1)
Recording Measurements	132	(8)
Response Frequency	134	(2)
Response Latency	136	(2)
Response Duration	138	(1)
Response Amplitude-Intensity	139	(1)
Summary	140	(2)
Key Terms	142	(1)
Self-Learning Review	142	(2)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	144	(3)
Causal Inferences and Threats to Their Validity	147	(20)
Chapter Outline	147	(1)
Learning Objectives	148	(1)
Determining Causality	148	(2)
Validity of Research Designs	150	(12)
Internal Validity	151	(1)
Threats to Internal Validity	151	(1)
Within-Subject Sources of Internal Invalidity	152	(3)
Between-Subject Sources of Internal Invalidity	155	(2)
External Validity	157	(1)
Threats to External Validity	158	(2)
Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity	160	(1)
Threats to Construct Validity	161	(1)
Summary	162	(1)
Key Terms	162	(1)
Self-Learning Review	163	(2)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	165	(2)
Experimental Designs	167	(44)
Chapter Outline	167	(1)
Learning Objectives	168	(1)
Ways to Classify Research Designs	168	(1)
Choosing a Research Design: Experimental Methods	169	(34)
True Experimental Designs	170	(12)
Quasi-Experimental Designs	182	(3)
Single-Subject Designs	185	(17)
Preexperimental Designs	202	(1)
Summary	203	(1)
Key Terms	204	(1)
Self-Learning Review	204	(4)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	208	(3)
Nonexperimental Research Methods	211	(34)
Chapter Outline	211	(1)
Learning Objectives	211	(1)
Case Studies and Case Series	212	(2)
Cohort and Case-Control Studies	214	(3)
Causal-Comparative (Ex Post Facto) Studies	217	(1)
Survey Research	218	(15)
Steps in Developing a Survey	218	(13)
Interviews	231	(2)
Evaluating Diagnostic Tests	233	(4)
Accuracy of a Diagnostic Test	233	(1)
Measures of Test Accuracy	234	(1)
A Research Example	235	(2)
Summary	237	(1)
Key Terms	238	(1)
Self-Learning Review	239	(3)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	242	(3)
Qualitative Research Methods	245	(34)
Chapter Outline	245	(1)
Learning Objectives	245	(2)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Methods	247	(1)
When Is the Qualitative Approach the ``Best Approach''?	247	(1)
Observational Methods in Qualitative Research	248	(4)
Participant Observation	249	(2)
Ethical Concerns in Observational Research	251	(1)
Ethnography	252	(2)
Qualitative Research Interviews	254	(2)
Grounded Theory	256	(1)
Phenomenology	257	(1)
Case Study Method	258	(3)
Discourse Analysis	261	(1)
Content Analysis	262	(3)
Analyzing Qualitative Data	265	(3)
Quasi-Statistical Analysis Style	265	(1)
Template Analysis Style	265	(1)
Editing Analysis Style	266	(1)
Immersion/Crystallization Analysis Style	267	(1)
Evaluating Qualitative Research	268	(4)
Evaluating Reliability and Validity	269	(1)
Advancing Trustworthiness Through Triangulation	270	(2)
Relevance of Qualitative Research to Human Communication	272	(1)
Summary	272	(1)
Key Terms	273	(1)
Self-Learning Review	273	(3)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	276	(3)
Analyzing Data: Descriptive Statistics	279	(38)
Chapter Outline	279	(1)
Learning Objectives	280	(1)
Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics	280	(1)
Types of Data	280	(5)
Nominal and Ordinal Data	280	(3)
Interval and Ratio Data	283	(2)
Organizing and Portraying Data	285	(4)
Graphic Displays of Frequency Distributions	286	(2)
Shapes of Frequency Distribution Scores	288	(1)
Central Tendency of Data	289	(3)
Measures of the Center	289	(3)
Variability of Data	292	(8)
Measures of Variability	293	(7)
Describing Relationships and Predicting Outcomes: Correlation and Regression	300	(9)
Correlation	301	(5)
Regression	306	(3)
Summary	309	(1)
Key Terms	310	(1)
Self-Learning Review	310	(3)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	313	(4)
Analyzing Data: Inferential Statistics	317	(66)
Chapter Outline	317	(1)
Learning Objectives	318	(1)
Probability: The Basis for Statistical Inference	318	(3)
Probabilities and Level of Confidence	319	(1)
The Bayesian View of Probability	320	(1)
Sampling Variability	321	(2)
Confidence Intervals	322	(1)
One-Sample Case: Testing Hypotheses for a Single Group	323	(5)
Errors and Power in Statistical Inference	327	(1)
One-Sample Proportion Test: Inference Concerning a Single Proportion	328	(1)
Two-Sample Case: Testing Hypotheses for Two Groups	329	(7)
Unpaired t Test for Independent Samples	330	(3)
Paired t Test for Dependent Samples	333	(3)
Nonparametric Alternatives to Parametric Statistics	336	(7)
Chi-Square Test (χ2)	336	(3)
Nonparametric Rank-Order Methods	339	(4)
Multigroup Designs: Testing Hypotheses for Three or More Groups	343	(6)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	343	(6)
Multiple Comparison Methods	349	(1)
Other ANOVA Designs and Methods	350	(6)
Randomized-Blocks Analysis of Variance (RBANOVA)	350	(1)
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)	351	(1)
Nonparametric Tests for Multigroup Designs	352	(2)
The p-value Approach in Testing Hypotheses	354	(1)
Meta-Analysis	354	(2)
Complex Statistical Methods	356	(3)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)	356	(1)
Discriminant Analysis	357	(1)
Factor Analysis	357	(2)
Computer Applications in Statistics	359	(15)
Summary	374	(2)
Key Terms	376	(1)
Self-Learning Review	377	(3)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	380	(3)
Reading, Writing, and Presenting Research	383	(24)
Chapter Outline	383	(1)
Learning Objectives	383	(1)
The Value of Critical Thinking	384	(1)
Catabolic Thinking in Reading Research	384	(3)
Anabolic Thinking in Writing Research	387	(12)
Research Proposal Outline	387	(6)
Funding Research	393	(6)
Theses and Dissertations	399	(1)
Writing Well	400	(1)
Professional Presentations	401	(2)
Summary	403	(1)
Key Terms	404	(1)
Self-Learning Review	404	(2)
Questions and Exercises for Classroom Discussion	406	(1)
APPENDICES	407	(100)
A-1 The Tables	407	(14)
Table A-1-1 Standard Normal Distribution	407	(2)
Table A-1-2 Student's t distribution	409	(1)
Table A-1-3 Chi-Square Distribution	410	(2)
Table A-1-4 F Distribution: Values of F (.05), Values of F(.025), and Values of F(.01)	412	(6)
Table A-1-5 Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	418	(1)
Table A-1-6 Critical Values for a Mann-Whitney U Test	419	(2)
A-2 Some Statistical Applications and Questions	421	(44)
A-3 Calculation of the Power of a Statistical Test	465	(4)
A-4 Evidence-Based Medicine: Calculations of Various Probabilities with Nomogram	469	(6)
A-5 Measures of Disorder/Disease Occurrence	475	(4)
A-6 Flowchart for Classical Statistical Approach versus Bayesian Statistical Approach in Hypothesis Testing	479	(2)
A-7 Partial Listing of Scholastic and Professional Journals Relevant to the Field of Communication Sciences and Disorders	481	(4)
B Evidence-Based Practice Reference Analysis Worksheet	485	(4)
C NIH Grant Application Forms	489	(2)
D Example of Poster Session Presentation	491	(4)
E Answers to Self-Learning Reviews	495	(12)
Glossary	507	(16)
References	523	(6)
Index	529