Restocking and Stock Enhancement of Marine Invertebrate Fisheries

by Bell; Rothlisberg; Munro; Loneragan; Nash; Ward; Andrew

• ISBN13: 9780120261499
• ISBN10: 0120261499
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-07
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Many of the worlds fisheries are in trouble - they no longer yield the catches, and potential profits, they once did. The habitats that support fisheries have been damaged by pollution and other irresponsible use of coastal land. Destructive fishing methods like trawling and blast fishing have also changed fish habitats resulting in support of fewer fish. The authors draw on more than 1000 scientific papers covering 11 groups/species of marine invertebrates. From this large literature, they distill 20 lessons for assessing and guiding the use of restocking and stock enhancement in the management of invertebrate fisheries. Written by 7 expert authors Covers 11 groups/species of marine invertebrates Reviews over 1000 scientific papers Identifies 20 lessons that can be learned from past restocking and stock enhancement initiatives Proposes a new approach to assess the potential value of hatchery releases to complement other forms of management Assesses progress of disciple against the blueprint for a responsible approach

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xi
1. Introduction
2. Restocking Initiatives
2.1. Giant Clams	10	(8)
2.1.1. Background and rationale for restocking	10	(1)
2.1.2. Supply of juveniles	10	(2)
2.1.3. Defects caused by rearing	12	(1)
2.1.4. Release strategies	12	(1)
2.1.5. Minimising genetic impacts	13	(2)
2.1.6. Disease risks and other environmental impacts	15	(1)
2.1.7. Status of restocking initiatives	15	(1)
2.1.8. Problems to overcome	16	(1)
2.1.9. Management	17	(1)
2.1.10. Future research	17	(1)
2.2. Topshell	18	(11)
2.2.1. Background and rationale for restocking	18	(2)
2.2.2. Supply of juveniles	20	(2)
2.2.3. Defects caused by rearing	22	(2)
2.2.4. Release strategies	24	(1)
2.2.5. Use of artificial habitat	25	(1)
2.2.6. Minimising genetic impacts	26	(1)
2.2.7. Disease risks and other environmental impacts	26	(1)
2.2.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	27	(1)
2.2.9. Status of restocking initiatives	27	(1)
2.2.10. Management	28	(1)
2.2.11. Future research	29	(1)
2.3. Sea Cucumbers	29	(16)
2.3.1. Background and rationale for restocking	29	(3)
2.3.2. Supply of juveniles	32	(2)
2.3.3. Defects caused by rearing	34	(1)
2.3.4. Release strategies	34	(1)
2.3.5. Minimising genetic impacts	35	(1)
2.3.6. Disease risks and other environmental impacts	36	(1)
2.3.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	37	(1)
2.3.8. Status of restocking initiatives	37	(1)
2.3.9. Management	38	(1)
2.3.10. Future research	39	(1)
2.3.11. Stock enhancement, farming and sea ranching of Apostichopus japonicus	39	(6)
3. Stock Enhancement Initiatives
3.1. Scallops	45	(16)
3.1.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	45	(1)
3.1.2. Supply of juveniles	46	(3)
3.1.3. Defects caused by rearing	49	(2)
3.1.4. Release strategies	51	(2)
3.1.5. Minimising genetic impacts	53	(1)
3.1.6. Disease risks and other environmental problems	54	(2)
3.1.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	56	(1)
3.1.8. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	56	(2)
3.1.9. Management	58	(2)
3.1.10. Marketing	60	(1)
3.1.11. Problems to overcome	60	(1)
3.1.12. Future research	60	(1)
3.2. Other Bivalves	61	(20)
3.2.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	61	(5)
3.2.2. Supply of juveniles	66	(1)
3.2.3. Defects caused by rearing	67	(1)
3.2.4. Release strategies	67	(4)
3.2.5. Use of artificial habitats	71	(3)
3.2.6. Minimising genetic impacts	74	(1)
3.2.7. Disease risks	75	(2)
3.2.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	77	(1)
3.2.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	77	(2)
3.2.10. Management	79	(1)
3.2.11. Future research	80	(1)
3.3. Abalone	81	(24)
3.3.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	81	(4)
3.3.2. Supply of juveniles	85	(1)
3.3.3. Defects caused by rearing	85	(1)
3.3.4. Release strategies	86	(2)
3.3.5. Use of artificial habitat	88	(1)
3.3.6. Minimising genetic impacts	88	(3)
3.3.7. Diseases	91	(1)
3.3.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	92	(1)
3.3.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	92	(9)
3.3.10. Management	101	(1)
3.3.11. Problems to overcome	102	(2)
3.3.12. Future research	104	(1)
3.4. Queen Conch	105	(12)
3.4.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	105	(4)
3.4.2. Supply of juveniles	109	(1)
3.4.3. Defects caused by rearing	109	(1)
3.4.4. Release strategies	110	(3)
3.4.5. Minimising genetic impacts	113	(1)
3.4.6. Disease risks	113	(1)
3.4.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	113	(1)
3.4.8. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	114	(1)
3.4.9. Management	114	(1)
3.4.10. Future research	115	(2)
3.5. Shrimp	117	(26)
3.5.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	117	(5)
3.5.2. Supply of juveniles	122	(1)
3.5.3. Defects caused by rearing	123	(2)
3.5.4. Release strategies	125	(5)
3.5.5. Minimising genetic impacts	130	(1)
3.5.6. Disease risks	131	(1)
3.5.7. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	132	(2)
3.5.8. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	134	(5)
3.5.9. Management	139	(2)
3.5.10. Marketing	141	(1)
3.5.11. Problems to overcome	141	(1)
3.5.12. Future research	142	(1)
3.6. Spiny Lobsters	143	(24)
3.6.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	143	(4)
3.6.2. Stock enhancement-related research	147	(16)
3.6.3. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	163	(1)
3.6.4. Minimising genetic impacts	164	(1)
3.6.5. Disease risks	165	(1)
3.6.6. Future research	166	(1)
3.7. Lobsters	167	(19)
3.7.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	167	(5)
3.7.2. Supply of juveniles	172	(1)
3.7.3. Defects caused by rearing	173	(1)
3.7.4. Release strategies	174	(1)
3.7.5. Use of artificial habitat	175	(1)
3.7.6. Minimising genetic impacts	176	(1)
3.7.7. Disease risks	177	(1)
3.7.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	178	(1)
3.7.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	179	(4)
3.7.10. Management	183	(1)
3.7.11. Problems to overcome	184	(1)
3.7.12. Future research	185	(1)
3.8. Sea Urchins	186	(11)
3.8.1. Background and rationale for stock enhancement	186	(2)
3.8.2. Supply of juveniles	188	(1)
3.8.3. Release strategies	188	(1)
3.8.4. Use of artificial habitat	189	(1)
3.8.5. Enhancement of roe	190	(1)
3.8.6. Minimizing genetic impacts	190	(1)
3.8.7. Disease risks and other environmental impacts	191	(1)
3.8.8. Systems for marking juveniles to assess effectiveness of releases	191	(1)
3.8.9. Status of stock enhancement initiatives	191	(4)
3.8.10. Management	195	(1)
3.8.11. Future research	195	(2)
4. Overview and Progress Towards a Responsible Approach
4.1. Restocking initiatives	197	(10)
4.1.1. General trends	197	(3)
4.1.2. Progress towards a responsible approach for restocking	200	(7)
4.2. Stock Enhancement Initiatives	207	(15)
4.2.1. General trends	207	(3)
4.2.2. Progress towards a responsible approach to stock enhancement	210	(12)
5. Lessons Learned
5.1. Lessons for Restocking	222	(1)
5.2. Lessons for Stock Enhancement	222	(3)
5.3. Lessons for Both Restocking and Stock Enhancement	225	(3)
6. Management of Restocking and Stock Enhancement Programmes
6.1. Information to Evaluate the Need for Restocking	228	(3)
6.1.1. Stock delineation	228	(1)
6.1.2. Time frames for recovery with and without restocking	229	(1)
6.1.3. Capacity of hatcheries to produce sufficient juveniles	230	(1)
6.2. Management of Restocking	231	(1)
6.3. Information to Evaluate the Need for Stock Enhancement	232	(1)
6.4. Management of Stock Enhancement	232	(7)
6.4.1. Estimating how many juveniles to release	233	(4)
6.4.2. Increasing productivity further through manipulations of the ecosystem	237	(1)
6.4.3. Other considerations for management of enhanced fisheries	238	(1)
6.5. Measures to Optimise Social and Financial Benefits of Restocking and Stock Enhancement	239	(4)
6.6. Independent Assessments	241	(2)
7. Other Important Considerations for All Initiatives
7.1. Measuring Success	243	(10)
7.1.1. Availability of tags for marine invertebrates	245	(5)
7.1.2. Factors to consider when selecting a tag	250	(2)
7.1.3. Alternative approaches	252	(1)
7.2. Genetic Considerations	253	(16)
7.2.1. Measuring genetic population structure	253	(8)
7.2.2. Patterns of genetic population structure in marine invertebrates	261	(3)
7.2.3. Genetic population structure in marine invertebrates targeted for restocking and stock enhancement	264	(1)
7.2.4. Population structure and its implications for restocking and stock enhancement programmes	265	(1)
7.2.5. Hatchery protocols to maintain genetic diversity	266	(3)
7.2.6. Genetic impacts of restocking and stock enhancement programmes	269	(1)
7.3. Disease Risks	269	(3)
7.4. Other Environmental Impacts	272	(5)
8. Conclusions
8.1. Achievements	277	(2)
8.2. The Responsible Approach	279	(3)
8.3. The Way Forward	282	(2)
8.4. Future Research	284	(2)
8.5. Summary Remarks	286	(3)
References	289	(66)
Appendix	355	(4)
Taxonomic Index	359	(6)
Subject Index	365	(6)
Series Contents for Last Ten Years	371