Reuse of Surfactants and Cosolvents for Napl Remediation

by Lowe, Donald F.

• ISBN13: 9781566704663
• ISBN10: 1566704669
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc

Summary

Surfactant-enhanced or cosolvent-enhanced ground water remediation remains one of the most promising extensions to pump-and-treat technology for contaminant source removal. This technology has proven effective in field demonstrations for the enhanced removal of both LNAPLS and DNAPLS. The cost of the surfactant and above ground fluid treatment presents the most serious impediment to full-scale application of this technology. Reuse of Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation provides the results of a field demonstration of an economical in situ treatment for NAPL remediation. The field demonstration focused on the recovery of surfactants ready for reuse and included the following objectives: Evaluate the technologies that recover surfactants for reuse in aquifer remediation Demonstrate the most promising treatment at a field site Perform economic analyses for the pilot-scale and full-scale in situ surfactant-aided soil flushing technologies Estimate potential performance and applicability of the in situ surfactant-aided technologies Recovery and reuse of surfactants used in site remediation can substantially improve the overall economics. Prior to this project, it had not been demonstrated that a surfactant recovery process could be reliably designed and operated at field conditions. Nor had the question of the most cost effective surfactant recovery scheme been addressed. Reuse of Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation highlights innovative and cost effective technologies for ground water remediaiton.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary	xxix
Introduction	1	(4)
Background of Surfactant Recovery Process	1	(1)
Project Objectives and Goals	2	(1)
Scope and Technical Approach	2	(1)
Monograph Organization	2	(3)
Preliminary Evaluation of Processes	5	(4)
Summary of Preliminary Review	5	(1)
Surfactant Contaminant Removal Processes	5	(2)
Air Stripping in Packed and Tray Columns	6	(1)
Membrane Air Stripping	6	(1)
Flash Vacuum Stripping and Vacuum Distillation	6	(1)
Membrane Liquid-Liquid Extraction	6	(1)
Pervaporation	7	(1)
Precipitation	7	(1)
Surfactant Concentration Processes	7	(2)
Recovery of Micelles by Ultrafiltration	7	(1)
Recovery of Surfactant Monomers by Ultrafiltration	8	(1)
Monomer Recovery by Foam Fractionation	8	(1)
Laboratory Studies	9	(26)
General Considerations for Laboratory Tests	9	(1)
Bench-Scale Process Evaluation	10	(9)
Description of Bench-Scale Experimental Systems	10	(5)
Materials Used for Laboratory Tests	15	(1)
Evaluation of Bench-Scale Experimental Systems	16	(3)
Preliminary Economic Evaluation	19	(1)
Laboratory Tests for Design Parameters	19	(1)
Results and Conclusions	20	(15)
System Selection Tests	20	(5)
Preliminary Economic Evaluation	25	(3)
Design Parameters Experiments	28	(7)
Demonstration Design	35	(12)
Field Site Selection	35	(1)
Site Characteristics	35	(1)
Field Demonstration Design	36	(11)
Design Concept	36	(3)
Coordination with in situ Flushing Test	39	(1)
Pilot System Design and Fabrication	39	(8)
Field Demonstration	47	(16)
Pilot System Field Implementation	47	(1)
Scenarios for the Pilot Surfactant Recovery Test	47	(1)
Pilot System Operation and Maintenance	48	(2)
Sampling and Chemical Analyses	50	(3)
Sampling	50	(1)
Sample Packing and Shipment	50	(1)
Sampling Decontamination	50	(1)
Field Measurements	51	(1)
Chemical Analyses	51	(2)
Site Restoration and Waste Management	53	(1)
Performance Data Evaluation	54	(1)
Data Analysis	54	(1)
Project Data Quality Control	54	(1)
Discussion of Field Demonstration Results	54	(7)
Results of Field Test and Data Analysis	54	(5)
Comparison of Field Test Results with the Design Model	59	(2)
Economic Evaluation	61	(1)
Field Demonstration Conclusions	61	(1)
Recommendations	62	(1)
Hypothetical Full Scale System Design and Economic Analysis	63	(16)
Approach to Full Scale Design	63	(1)
Measurement Procedures	64	(1)
Full Scale Design	65	(8)
Base Case A	65	(7)
Case B	72	(1)
Case C	72	(1)
Cost and Economic Analysis	73	(6)
Introduction	73	(1)
Most Significant Cost Components	74	(1)
Other Areas of Sensitivity	74	(3)
Comparison to Costs for Other Technologies	77	(2)
Performance and Potential Application	79	(226)
Summary of Potential Performance	79	(1)
Site Characteristics Affecting Applicability, Performance, and Cost	80	(1)
Design and Operating Parameters Affecting Performance, Applicability, and Cost	80	(1)
Material Handling Requirements	80	(1)
Regulatory Requirements for Performance and Compliance Criteria	80	(7)
Appendices
Appendix A Preliminary Technology Evaluation and Process Description	87	(8)
A.1.0 Surfactant Solution Contaminant Removal Processes	87	(5)
A.2.0 Surfactant Concentration Processes	92	(3)
Appendix B Experimental Design	95	(22)
B.1.0 Introduction	95	(1)
B.2.0 Air Stripping by Using a Packed Column and a Hollow Fiber Membrane Column	95	(7)
B.3.0 Flash Vacuum Stripping in a Packed Column	102	(5)
B.4.0 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Using Microporous Hollow Fiber Membrane	107	(10)
Appendix C SASM: Surfactant Air Stripping Model	117	(6)
C.1.0 Analytical Equations and Parameters	117	(3)
C.2.0 System Scale-up	120	(1)
C.3.0 Notations	121	(2)
Appendix D Detailed Laboratory Test Results	123	(18)
D.1.0 Packed Column Air Stripping	123	(1)
D.2.0 Microporous Hollow Fiber Membrane Column Stripping	123	(11)
D.3.0 Packed Column Flash Vacuum Stripping	134	(1)
D.4.0 Hollow Fiber Membrane Liquid-Liquid Extraction	134	(7)
Appendix E SASM Results for Pilot-System Design and Scale-Up	141	(10)
Appendix F Detailed Field Activity and Test Result Summary	151	(18)
F.1.0 Introduction	151	(1)
F.2.0 8 April 1997 Experimental Runs	152	(1)
F.3.0 9 April 1997 Experimental Runs	152	(1)
F.4.0 10 April 1997 Experimental Runs	153	(1)
F.5.0 11 April 1997 Experimental Runs	154	(1)
F.6.0 12 April 1997 Experimental Runs	154	(1)
F.7.0 13 April 1997 Experimental Runs	154	(1)
F.8.0 14 April 1997 Experimental Runs	154	(1)
F.9.0 15 April 1997 Experimental Runs	155	(14)
Appendix G Pilot Unit Operation Procedures	169	(6)
G.1.0 Introduction	169	(2)
G.2.0 System Startup	171	(1)
G.3.0 System Shutdown	171	(1)
G.4.0 Emergency System Shutdown	171	(1)
G.5.0 Preparation for Movement	172	(1)
G.6.0 Prepare for Operation	172	(1)
G.7.0 Emergency System Leak Containment and Cleanup Procedures	172	(1)
G.8.0 Emergency Solution Spill Response Procedures	173	(1)
G.9.0 Packed Tower Assembly	173	(2)
Appendix H Engineering Design for Surfactant-Foam with Recovery and Reuse	175	(8)
H.1.0 Site Setting	175	(1)
H.2.0 Remedial Objective	176	(1)
H.3.0 Upfront Activities	177	(1)
H.4.0 Chemical System and Injection Sequence	177	(1)
H.5.0 Injection and Recovery Approach	178	(1)
H.6.0 Chemical Mix System	178	(1)
H.7.0 Produced Fluids Handling	179	(1)
H.8.0 Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring	179	(1)
H.9.0 Miscellaneous Cost Components	180	(3)
Appendix I Base Case Drawings	183	(8)
Appendix J Design Spreadsheets and Mass Balance	191	(18)
J.1.0 Base Case (Case A): Design Worksheet	193	(6)
J.2.0 Base Case (Case A): Mass Balance	199	(4)
J.3.0 Case B: Mass Balance	203	(2)
J.4.0 Case C: Mass Balance	205	(4)
Appendix K STRIPR Output for Full Scale Process Design	209	(2)
Appendix L Cost Estimates	211	(54)
L.2.0 Base Case (Case A): Additional Capital Costs	213	(4)
L.3.0 Base Case (Case A): Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Cost	217	(4)
L.4.0 Base Case (Case A): Cost Summary	221	(2)
L.5.0 Case B: Additional Capital Costs	223	(2)
L.6.0 Case B: O&M Cost	225	(4)
L.7.0 Case B: Cost Summary	229	(2)
L.8.0 Case C: Additional Capital Costs	231	(4)
L.9.0 Case C: O&M Cost	235	(4)
L.10.0 Case C: Cost Summary	239	(2)
L.11.0 Capital Cost Details	241	(24)
Appendix M Equipment Specifications for Full Scale Process	265	(40)
References	305	(2)
Index	307