Reviews In Fluorescence 2005

by Geddes, Chris D.; Lakowicz, Joseph R.

• ISBN13: 9780387236285
• ISBN10: 0387236287
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This second volume in the serial Reviews in Fluorescence is a collection of up to 10 invited reviews on current trends and emerging hot topics in fluorescence. This new annual series compliments the other fluorescence titles published by Springer, while feeding the requirement from the fluorescence community for annual informative updates and developments.

Table of Contents

1. ORGANIZED ASSEMBLIES PROBED BY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY	1	(24)
Kankan Bhattacharyya
1.1. INTRODUCTION	1	(2)
1.2. FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY DECAY IN ORGANIZED ASSEMBLIES	3	(2)
1.3. SLOW SOLVATION DYNAMICS IN ORGANIZED ASSEMBLIES	5	(11)
1.3.1. Reverse Micelles and Microemulsions	7	(1)
1.3.2. Micelles	8	(1)
1.3.3. Cyclodextrins	9	(1)
1.3.4. Proteins	10	(4)
1.3.5. DNA	14	(1)
1.3.6. Polymer and Polymer-Surfactant Aggregates	15	(1)
1.3.7. Sol-gel Glass	15	(1)
1.4. EFFECT OF SLOW SOLVATION ON POLAR REACTIONS IN ORGANIZED ASSEMBLIES	16	(1)
1.4.1. TICT: Polarity Dependent Barrier and Retardation in Organized Assemblies	16	(1)
1.4.2. Excited State Proton Transfer	16	(1)
1.4.3. Photoinduced Intermolecular Electron Transfer	17	(1)
1.5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK	17	(1)
1.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	18	(1)
1.7. REFERENCES	18	(7)
2. THE COMBINED USE OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY AND X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY GREATLY CONTRIBUTES TO ELUCIDATING STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF PROTEINS	25	(38)
Sabato D'Auria, Maria Staiano, lrina M Kuznetsova and Konstantin K.Turoverov
2.1. INTRODUCTION	25	(1)
2.2. ANALYSIS OF PROTEIN 3-D STRUCTURE TO ELUCIDATE THE ESSENTIAL FACTORS FOR INTERPRETATION OF THE PROTEIN INTRINSIC FLUORESCENCE FEATURES	26	(4)
2.3. FACTORS DETERMINING THE CONTRIBUTION OF SEPARATE TRYPTOPHAN RESIDUES TO THE TOTAL PROTEIN FLUORESCENCE	30	(6)
2.4. FACTORS DETERMINING THE FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM POSITION OF SEPARATE TRYPTOPHAN RESIDUES	36	(1)
2.5. GLUTAMINE-BINDING PROTEIN FROM E. COLT	36	(8)
2.6. TYROSINE FLUORESCENCE IN PROTEINS	44	(5)
2.7. TYROSINATE FLUORESCENCE IN PROTEINS	49	(3)
2.8. INTRAMOLECULAR MOBILITY OF TRYPTOPHAN RESIDUES	52	(5)
2.9. CONCLUSIONS	57	(1)
2.10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	57	(1)
2.11. REFERENCES	58	(5)
3. TAPERED FIBERS FOR CELL STUDIES	63	(14)
P.M. Shankar and Raj M. Mutharasan
3.1. INTRODUCTION	63	(2)
3.2. CONCEPT OF TAPERED FIBERS	65	(4)
3.3. DETAILS OF EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS AND RESULTS	69	(1)
3.4. EVANESCENT ABSORPTION	70	(1)
3.5. EVANESCENT ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING	71	(1)
3.6. EVANESCENT FLUORESCENCE	72	(2)
3.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS	74	(1)
3.8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	74	(1)
3.9. REFERENCES	74	(3)
4. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL TIME-CORRELATED SINGLE PHOTON COUNTING	77	(32)
Wolfgang Becker and Axel Bergmann
4.1. INTRODUCTION	77	(3)
4.2. MULTI-DIMENSIONAL TCSPC	80	(6)
4.2.1. Multi-Detector Operation	81	(2)
4.2.2. Multiplexed Detection	83	(1)
4.2.3. Sequential Recording	84	(1)
4.2.4. Scanning	84	(1)
4.2.5. Time-Tag Recording	85	(1)
4.3. APPLICATIONS OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL TCSPC	86	(14)
4.3.1. Multi-Spectral Fluorescence Lifetime Detection	86	(2)
4.3.2. Recording dynamic changes of the fluorescence lifetime	88	(1)
4.3.3. Time-resolved laser scanning microscopy	89	(5)
4.3.4. Single-Molecule Spectroscopy	94	(3)
4.3.5. Diffuse Optical Tomography	97	(3)
4.4. LIMITATIONS OF THE TCSPC TECHNIQUE	100	(2)
4.5. CONCLUSIONS	102	(1)
4.6. REFERENCES	102	(7)
5. SOME ASPECTS OF DNA CONDENSATION OBSERVED BY FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY	109	(16)
Teresa Kral, Aleš Benda, Martin Hof and Marek Langner
5.1. INTRODUCTION	109	(2)
5.2. PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY	111	(4)
5.3. 5.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS	115	(1)
5.3.1. Chemicals	115	(1)
5.3.2. DNA	115	(1)
5.3.3. Liposome formulation	115	(1)
5.3.4. Design of experiment	115	(1)
5.3.5. Experimental setup of FCS	116	(1)
5.4. FCS EXPERIMENTS ON DNA	116	(5)
5.4.1. Effect of dye on DNA conformation	116	(2)
5.4.2. Effect of cationic compounds on the DNA condensation	118	(2)
5.4.3. Effect of cationic lipids on the DNA condensation	120	(1)
5.5. CONCLUSIONS	121	(1)
5.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	121	(1)
5.6. REFERENCES	121	(4)
6. LUMINESCENCE-BASED OXYGEN SENSORS	125	(28)
B.A. DeGraff and J.N. Demas
6.1. INTRODUCTION	125	(1)
6.2. OVERVIEW	125	(2)
6.3. DYES	127	(2)
6.4. SENSOR SYSTEMS	129	(2)
6.5. NEW SENSING SCHEMES, TECHNIQUES, AND APPLICATIONS	131	(3)
6.5.1. Self-Referencing Measurements	132	(1)
6.5.2. Miscellaneous Approaches	132	(1)
6.5.3. Diffusion Measurements	133	(1)
6.6. NON-IDEAL SENSOR RESPONSE	134	(7)
6.7. SOURCES OF HETEROGENEITY AND METHODS OF STUDYING	141	(3)
6.8. PHOTOCHEMISTRY	144	(3)
6.9. FUTURE WORK	147	(1)
6.10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	147	(1)
6.11. REFERENCES	147	(6)
7. TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE IN BIOMEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS	153	(16)
Herbert Schneckenburger and Michael Wagner
7.1. INTRODUCTION	153	(3)
7.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS	156	(1)
7.3. RESULTS	157	(7)
7.3.1. Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism	157	(3)
7.3.2. Membrane Dynamics	160	(3)
7.3.3. Localization and Light-Induced Reactions of Photosensitizers	163	(1)
7.3.4. Single Molecule Detection	164	(1)
7.4. DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES	164	(2)
7.5. REFERENCES	166	(3)
8. ANALYSIS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM OILS USING FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY	169	(30)
Alan G. Ryder
8.1. INTRODUCTION	169	(1)
8.2. PETROLEUM COMPOSITION	170	(1)
8.3. PETROLEUM OIL FLUORESCENCE	170	(13)
8.3.1. Steady-State Emission	172	(6)
8.3.2. Time-Resolved Fluorescence	178	(3)
8.3.3. Multidimensional Techniques	181	(2)
8.3.4. Instrumentation	183	(1)
8.4. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE OIL ANALYSIS	183	(6)
8.4.1. Steady-State	182	(5)
8.4.2. Time-Resolved	187	(2)
8.5. APPLICATIONS: FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES	189	(4)
8.6. APPLICATIONS: REMOTE SENSING/OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION	193	(1)
8.7. APPLICATIONS: SUNDRY TECHNIQUES	193	(1)
8.8. CONCLUSIONS	193	(1)
8.9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	194	(1)
8.10. REFERENCES	194	(5)
9. NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS UTILIZING THE RED EDGE EXCITATION SHIFT APPROACH	199	(24)
H. Raghuraman, Devaki A. Kelkar, and Amitabha Chattopadhyay
9.1. INTRODUCTION	200	(1)
9.2. RED EDGE EXCITATION SHIFT (REES)	201	(1)
9.3. INTRINSIC FLUORESCENCE OF PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES: TRYPTOPHAN AS THE FLUOROPHORE OF CHOICE	202	(2)
9.4. APPLICATION OF REES IN THE ORGANIZATION AND DYNAMICS OF PROTEINS	204	(9)
9.4.1. Soluble Proteins	204	(2)
9.4.2. Membrane Peptides and Proteins	206	(5)
9.4.3. Extrinsic Fluorophores	211	(2)
9.5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES	213	(1)
9.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	214	(1)
9.7. REFERENCES	214	(9)
10. RNA FOLDING AND RNA-PROTEIN BINDING ANALYZED BY FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY AND RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER	223	(22)
Gerald M. Wilson
10.1. INTRODUCTION	223	(1)
10.2. METHODOLOGY	224	(9)
10.2.1. Site-specific Labeling of RNA Substrates with Fluorophores	224	(2)
10.2.2. Assessment of RNA-protein Interactions by Fluorescence Anisotropy	226	(6)
10.2.3. Assessment of RNA Folding by FRET	232	(1)
10.3. ELUCIDATION OF MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO REGULATION OF CYTOPLASMIC mRNA TURNOVER BY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY	233	(6)
10.3.1. Evaluation of Trans-factor Binding Mechanisms and Affinity by Fluorescence Anisotropy	234	(2)
10.3.2. Higher Order Structures Involving the TNF7 ARE Regulate AUF1 Binding	236	(2)
10.3.3. AUFI Binding Modulates Local RNA Conformation	238	(1)
10.4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS	239	(1)
10.5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	240	(1)
10.6. REFERENCES	240	(5)
11. TIME-RESOLVED EVANESCENT WAVE-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS	245	(26)
Trevor A. Smith, Michelle L. Gee and Colin A. Scholes
11.1. ABSTRACT	245	(1)
11.2. INTRODUCTION	245	(5)
11.3. TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS NEAR AN INTEREFACE	250	(2)
11.4. FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY NEAR AN INTERFACE	252	(3)
11.5. INSTRUMENTATION/INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT	255	(5)
11.5.1. Materials and cleaning methods	258	(1)
11.5.2. BSA/ANS Solutions	258	(1)
11.5.3. Fluorophore Doped Polymer Films	258	(2)
11.6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	260	(6)
11.6.1. Adsorption of BSA/ANS to silica	260	(3)
11.6.2. Acridine in poly(acrylic acid) films	263	(3)
11.7. CONCLUSIONS	266	(1)
11.8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	266	(1)
11.9. REFERENCES	266	(5)
12. APPLICATION OF FLUORESCENCE TO UNDERSTAND THE INTERACTION OF PEPTIDES WITH BINARY LIPID MEMBRANES	271	(54)
Rodrigo F.M. de Almeida, Luis M.S. Loura, and Manuel Prieto
12.1. INTRODUCTION	271	(3)
12.2. QUANTIFYING THE EXTENT OF INTERACTION OF THE PEPTIDE WITH THE MEMBRANE	274	(5)
12.3. DETERMINING THE TRANSVERSE LOCATION OF THE PEPTIDE'S FLUOROPHORE	279	(6)
12.3.1. Quenching by Lipophilic Probes	279	(3)
12.3.2. Quenching by Aqueous Probes	282	(1)
12.3.3. Resonance Energy Transfer	283	(1)
12.3.4. Emission Spectra of Tryptophan and Tyrosine, and Red-Edge Excitation Shift	284	(1)
12.4. OBTAINING INFORMATION ON THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF THE PEPTIDE FROM FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY DECAYS	285	(2)
12.5. FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY OF THE PEPTIDE CONTAINS STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMICAL INFORMATION	287	(6)
12.6. FORMATION OF PEPTIDE-RICH PATCHES/PEPTIDE AGGREGATES VS. RANDOM DISTRIBUTION	293	(19)
12.6.1. Aggregation State and Lateral Distribution of M13 Major Coat Protein from Self-Quenching Studies	293	(7)
12.6.2. Headgroup and Acyl Chain-Length Effects on Lateral Distribution of M13 Major Coat Protein Studied by FRET	300	(3)
12.6.3. γM4 Lateral Distribution from Fluorescence Self-Quenching Studies	303	(3)
12.6.4. FRET from M4 (Trp453) to Dehydroergosterol (DHE): Sterol Segregation in a One-Phase System vs. Peptide-Rich Patches	306	(2)
12.6.5. γM4 Structure and Organization from Energy Homotransfer Studies	308	(4)
12.7. PROTEIN/PEPTIDE-LIPID SELECTIVITY: COMPOSITION AND SIZE OF THE ANNULAR REGION	312	(5)
12.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	317	(1)
12.9. REFERENCES	318	(7)
13. HIGH-THROUGHPUT TISSUE IMAGE CYTOMETRY	325	(24)
Peter T.C. So, Timothy Ragan , Karsten Bahlmann, Hayden Huang , Ki Hean Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kown, Richard T. Lee
13.1. INTRODUCTION	325	(5)
13.1.1. Cytology and Histology	325	(1)
13.1.2. Quantitative Cellular Cytology and Image Cytometry	326	(1)
13.1.3. Quantitative Image Cytometry and Flow Cytometry	327	(1)
13.1.4. 2D and 3D Tissue Image Cytometry	327	(2)
13.1.5. Biomedical Research Opportunities using high throughput 3D tissue image cytometry	329	(1)
13.2 TISSUE IMAGING TECHNIQUES	330	(8)
13.2.1. Methods for Morphological Characterization of Tissue	330	(3)
13.2.2. Methods for Functional Characterization of Tissue	333	(4)
13.2.3. Tissue Microtomy and Robotics Sample Handling	337	(1)
13.2.4. Image Visualization, Analysis and Quantification	337	(1)
13.3. EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATION OF HIGH THROUGHPUT TISSUE IMAGE CYTOMETRY	338	(3)
13.3.1. Deep Tissue 3D Imaging	338	(2)
13.3.2. Quantitative Rare Cell Detection in 3D	340	(1)
13.4. AN APPLICATION IN CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY STUDY	341	(2)
13.4.1. Overview, Genetic Factors, and Histopathological Symptoms	341	(1)
13.4.2. The Need for High Throughput Tissue Analysis	342	(1)
13.4.3. Specimen Preparation	342	(1)
13.4.4. High Throughput Imaging	343	(1)
13.5. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK	343	(1)
13.6. ACKNOWLEGEMENT	344	(1)
13.7. REFERENCES	344	(5)
14. WHITHER FLUORESCENCE BIOSENSORS?	349	(14)
Richard Thompson
14.1. INTRODUCTION	349	(1)
14.2. STATE OF THE ART	349	(2)
14.3. NEW RECOGNITION CHEMISTRY	351	(1)
14.4. NEW TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS	352	(2)
14.5. NEW FLUOROPHORES AND FLUORESCING STATES	354	(1)
14.6. NEW ANALYTES	355	(1)
14.7. IN VIVO MEASUREMENTS	356	(1)
14.8. NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN CLINICAL ANALYSIS?	356	(1)
14.9. NEW CHALLENGES	357	(2)
14.10. CONCLUSION	359	(1)
14.11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	359	(1)
14.12. REFERENCES	359	(4)
15. OPHTHALMIC GLUCOSE MONITORING USING DISPOSABLE CONTACT LENSES	363	(36)
Ramachandram Badugu, Joseph R. Lakowicz, and Chris D. Geddes
15.1. INTRODUCTION	363	(2)
15.2. GLUCOSE SENSING USING BORONIC ACID PROBES IN SOLUTION	365	(7)
15.2.1. Probes employing the intramolecular charge transfer mechanism (ICT)	367	(3)
15.2.2. Probes employing the photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer mechanism, (PET)	370	(2)
15.3. LENS FEASIBITY STUDY	372	(8)
15.3.1. Lens doping and contact lens holder	372	(1)
15.3.2. Response of ICT probes with in the contact lens	373	(5)
15.3.3. Response of the PET probes within the contact lens	378	(2)
15.4. RATIONALE FOR THE DESIGHN OF NEW GLUCOSE SENSING PROBES	380	(1)
15.5. GLUCOSE SENSING PROBES BASED ON THE QUINILOINIUM MOIETY	381	(10)
15.5.1. Photophysical Characterization of the Quinolinium probes	381	(5)
15.5.2. Sugar response of the Quinolinium probes in solution	386	(2)
15.5.3. Response of the new Glucose Signaling Probes in the Contact Lens	388	(3)
15.6. PROBE LEACHING, INTERFERENTS AND SHELF LIFE	391	(2)
15.7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS BASED ON THIS TECHNOLOGY	393	(2)
15.7.1. Continuous and Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring	393	(1)
15.7.2. Clinical Condition and Diagnosis from Tears	394	(1)
15.7.3. Drug Testing, Compliance and Screening	394	(1)
15.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS	395	(1)
15.9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	395	(1)
15.10. REFERENCES	395	(4)
16. PROGRESS IN LANTHANIDES AS LUMINESCENT PROBES	399	(34)
Jeff G. Reifernberger, Pinghau Ge, Paul R. Selvin
16.1. ABSTRACT	399	(1)
16.2. INTRODUCTION TO LANTHANIDE PROBES:	399	(1)
16.3. STRUCTURAL AND PHOTOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANTHANIDE PROBES	400	(20)
16.3.1. Modified Chelates and Antennas and Their Effect on Lanthanide luminescence:	408	(3)
16.3.2. Lanthanide-based Resonance Energy Transfer	411	(9)
16.4. INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS	420	(6)
16.5. FINAL REMARKS	426	(2)
16.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	428	(1)
16.7. REFERENCES	428	(5)
COLOR INSERTS	433	(2)
INDEX	435