Rf Components and Circuits

by Carr

• ISBN13: 9780750648448
• ISBN10: 0750648449
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-08
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Some basic knowledge of electronics is assumed, but the essential features of RF are fully described, including the important topic of receiver dynamic which is often overlooked in basic textbooks. The theory and circuit descriptions are geared towards genuine design applications rather than the oversimiplifications and skeleton circuits of many college texts. During his career, the late Joe Carr was one of the world's leading writers on electronics and radio, and an authority on the design and use of RF systems. Whether you are looking for a complete self-study course in RF technology, or a concise reference text to dip into, this book has the solution.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xi
Preface	xiii
Part 1 Introduction
Introduction to radio frequencies	3	(2)
What are the `radio frequencies'?	3	(1)
Why are radio frequencies different?	3	(1)
What this book covers	3	(2)
Signals and noise	5	(29)
Types of signals	5	(4)
Fourier series	9	(2)
Waveform symmetry	11	(6)
Transient signals	17	(1)
Sampled signals	18	(3)
Noise	21	(6)
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or Sn)	27	(2)
Noise factor, noise figure and noise temperature	29	(2)
Noise in cascade amplifiers	31	(1)
Noise reduction strategies	31	(1)
Noise reduction by signal averaging	32	(2)
Radio receivers	34	(35)
Signals, noise and reception	34	(1)
The reception problem	35	(2)
Strategies	37	(1)
Radio receiver specifications	38	(1)
Origins	38	(1)
Superheterodyne receivers	39	(5)
Receiver performance factors	44	(1)
Units of measure	45	(1)
Noise	46	(1)
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or Sn)	46	(1)
Receiver noise floor	47	(1)
Static measures of receiver performance	47	(1)
Sensitivity	47	(3)
Selectivity	50	(7)
Stability	57	(1)
AGC range and threshold	58	(1)
Dynamic performance	58	(1)
Intermodulation products	59	(1)
1 dB compression point	60	(1)
Third-order intercept point	60	(2)
Dynamic range	62	(1)
Blocking	63	(1)
Cross-modulation	63	(1)
Reciprocal mixing	64	(1)
IF notch rejection	64	(1)
Internal spurii	65	(4)
Part 2 Circuits
RF amplifiers	69	(22)
Noise and preselectors/preamplifiers	70	(1)
Amplifier configurations	70	(1)
Transistor gain	70	(2)
Classification by common element	72	(1)
Transistor biasing	73	(2)
Frequency characteristics	75	(1)
JFET and MOSFET connections	75	(1)
JFET preselector	76	(3)
VHF receiver preselector	79	(2)
MOSFET preselector	81	(1)
Voltage-tuned receiver preselector	81	(1)
Broadband RF preamplifier for VLF, LF and AM BCB	81	(3)
Push-pull RF amplifiers	84	(5)
Broadband RF amplifier (50 ohm input and output)	89	(2)
Mixers	91	(33)
Linear-vs-non-linear mixers	91	(3)
Simple diode mixer	94	(1)
The question of `balance'	95	(1)
Spurious responses	95	(3)
Mixer distortion products	98	(1)
Third-order intercept point	99	(2)
Calculating intercept points	101	(1)
Mixer losses	101	(1)
Noise figure	102	(1)
Noise balance	102	(1)
Single-ended active mixer circuits	103	(1)
Balanced active mixers	104	(9)
Gilbert cell mixers	113	(1)
Passive double-balanced mixers	114	(2)
Diplexers	116	(1)
Bandpass diplexers	117	(5)
Double DBM	122	(1)
Image reject mixers	122	(2)
VHF/UHF microwave mixer circuits	124	(1)
Oscillators	124	(37)
Feedback oscillators	124	(2)
General types of RF oscillator circuits	126	(2)
Piezoelectric crystals	128	(5)
Temperature performance	133	(1)
Miller oscillators	134	(2)
Pierce oscillators	136	(2)
Butler oscillators	138	(5)
Colpitts oscillators	143	(2)
Overtone oscillators	145	(2)
Frequency stability	147	(2)
Temperature	149	(1)
Other stability criteria	150	(7)
Frequency synthesizers	157	(4)
IF amplifiers and filters	161	(24)
IF filters: general filter theory	161	(2)
L-C IF filters	163	(2)
Crystal filters	165	(2)
Crystal ladder filters	167	(3)
Monolithic ceramic crystal filters	170	(1)
Mechanical filters	170	(1)
Saw filters	171	(1)
Filter switching in IF amplifiers	172	(1)
Amplifier circuits	173	(2)
Cascode pair amplifier	175	(1)
`Universal' IF amplifier	175	(3)
Coupling to block filters	178	(1)
More IC IF amplifiers	179	(1)
FM IF amplifier	180	(1)
Successive detection logarithmic amplifiers	180	(5)
Demodulators	185	(24)
AM envelope detectors	185	(5)
AM noise	190	(1)
Synchronous AM demodulation	190	(1)
Double sideband (DSBSC) and single sideband (SSBSC) suppressed carrier demodulators	190	(7)
Phasing method	197	(1)
FM and PM demodulator circuits	197	(1)
Foster-Seeley discriminator	197	(3)
Ratio detector	200	(4)
Pulse counting detector	204	(2)
Phase-locked loop FM/PM detectors	206	(1)
Quadrature detector	206	(3)
Part 3 Components
Capacitors	209	(23)
Units of capacitance	209	(2)
Breakdown voltage	211	(1)
Circuit symbols for capacitors	211	(1)
Fixed capacitors	212	(1)
Paper dielectric capactors	212	(1)
Mylar dielectric capacitors	212	(1)
Ceramic dielectric capacitors	213	(1)
Mica dielectric capacitors	214	(1)
Other capacitors	214	(1)
Variable capacitors	215	(2)
Air variable main tuning capacitors	217	(2)
Capacitor tuning laws - SLC-vs-SLF	219	(1)
Special variable capacitors	220	(2)
Variable capacitor cleaning note	222	(1)
Using and stabilizing a varactor diode	223	(1)
Varactor tuning circuits	223	(5)
Temperature compensation	228	(2)
Varactor applications	230	(2)
Inductors	232	(35)
Inductor circuit symbols	232	(1)
Inductance and inductors	233	(1)
Inductance of a single straight wire	234	(1)
Combining two or more inductors	235	(1)
Air-core inductors	236	(1)
Solenoid wound air-core inductors	237	(1)
Adjustable coils	237	(2)
Winding your own coils	239	(1)
Amidon Associates coil system	239	(1)
Using ferrite and powdered iron cores	240	(1)
Materials used in cores	240	(1)
Powdered iron	241	(1)
Ferrite materials	242	(1)
Making the calculations	242	(2)
Toroid cores	244	(3)
Inductors and transformers	247	(4)
Winding toroid cores	251	(3)
Mounting toroids	254	(3)
High-power transformers	257	(1)
Binocular cores	257	(4)
Ferrite rods	261	(2)
Bobbing along with a bobbin	263	(1)
Ferrite beads	264	(3)
Tuning and matching	267	(26)
Vectors for RF circuits	267	(3)
L-C resonant tank circuits	270	(3)
Tuned RF/IF transformers	273	(1)
Construction of RF/IF transformers	274	(2)
Bandwidth of RF/IF transformers	276	(3)
Choosing component values for L-C resonant tank circuits	279	(2)
The tracking problem	281	(1)
The RF amplifier/antenna tuner problem	281	(2)
The local oscillator (LO) problem	283	(1)
Trimmer capacitor method	284	(1)
Impedance matching in RF circuits	285	(1)
Transformer matching	286	(1)
Resonant transformers	287	(1)
Resonant networks	288	(1)
Inverse-L network	289	(1)
π-network	289	(1)
Split-capacitor network	290	(1)
Transistor-to-transistor impedance matching	291	(2)
Splitters and hybrids	293	(24)
RF power combiners and splitters	293	(1)
Characteristics of splitter/combiner circuits	293	(1)
Resistive splitter/combiner	294	(1)
Transformer splitter/combiner	295	(3)
How it works	298	(1)
Modified VSWR bridge splitter/combiner	299	(2)
90 degree splitter/combiner	301	(1)
Transmission line splitter/combiners	301	(2)
90 degree transmission line splitter/combiner	303	(1)
Hybrid ring `rat race' network	304	(1)
RF hybrid couplers	305	(1)
Applications of hybrids	306	(1)
Combining signal soures	306	(1)
Bi-directional amplifiers	307	(1)
Transmitter/receiver isolation	307	(2)
Quadrature hybrids	309	(3)
RF directional couplers	312	(4)
Conclusion	316	(1)
Monolithic microwave integrated circuits	317	(20)
Internal circuitry	319	(1)
Basic amplifier circuit	320	(1)
Other MAR-x circuits	321	(6)
Multiple device circuits	327	(6)
Mast-mounted wideband preamplifier	333	(1)
Broadband HF amplifier	333	(4)
Part 4 Measurement and techniques
Measuring inductors and capacitors	337	(14)
VSWR method	337	(1)
Voltage divider method	337	(2)
Signal generator method	339	(1)
Frequency shifted oscillator method	340	(2)
Using RF bridges	342	(2)
Finding parasitic capacitances and inductances	344	(6)
Conclusion	350	(1)
RF power measurement	351	(23)
Power units	351	(1)
Types of RF power measurement	351	(1)
Methods for measuring RF power	352	(1)
Thermistor RF power meters	352	(6)
Diode detector RF power meters	358	(2)
Practical in-line bridge circuits	360	(4)
The Bird Thruline® sensor	364	(2)
Calorimeters	366	(4)
Micropower and low power measurements	370	(2)
Error and uncertainty sources	372	(2)
Filtering against EMI/RFI	374	(7)
Shielding	374	(1)
Filter circuits	374	(2)
R-C EMI/RFI protection	376	(1)
Feedthrough capacitors	377	(3)
General guidelines	380	(1)
Noise cancellation bridges	381	(7)
A simple bridge circuit	383	(5)
Bibliography	388	(3)
Index	391