Rf/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications

by Rohde, Ulrich L.; Newkirk, David P.

• ISBN13: 9780471298182
• ISBN10: 0471298182
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-04-14
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A unique, state-of-the-art guide to wireless integrated circuit design. With wireless technology rapidly exploding, there is a growing need for circuit design information specific to wireless applications. Presenting a single-source guidebook to this dynamic area, industry expert Ulrich Rohde and writer David Newkirk provide researchers and engineers with a complete set of modeling, design, and implementation tools for tackling even the newest IC technologies. They emphasize practical design solutions for high-performance devices and circuitry, incorporating ample examples of novel and clever circuits from high-profile companies. They also provide excellent appendices containing working models and CAD-based applications. RF/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications offers: * Introduction to wireless systems and modulation types * A systematic approach that differentiates between designing for battery-operated devices and base-station design * A comprehensive introduction to semiconductor technologies, from bipolar transistors to CMOS to GaAs MESFETs * Clear guidelines for obtaining the best performance in discrete and integrated amplifier design * Detailed analysis of available mixer circuits applicable to the wireless frequency range * In-depth explanations of oscillator circuits, including microwave oscillators and ceramic-resonator-based oscillators * A thorough evaluation of all components of wireless synthesizers

Author Biography

<b>ULRICH L. ROHDE, PhD</b>, is Chairman of Synergy Microwave Corporation, Paterson, New Jersey. Extensively published in the areas of microwave and software engineering, he is the author of Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, available from Wiley.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Preface	xv
Introduction to Wireless Circuit Design	1	(122)
Overview	1	(2)
System Functions	3	(2)
The Radio Channel and Modulation Requirements	5	(24)
Introduction	5	(2)
Channel Impulse Response	7	(6)
Doppler Effect	13	(1)
Transfer Function	14	(1)
Time Response of Channel Impulse Response and Transfer Function	14	(3)
Lessons Learned	17	(1)
Wireless Signal Example: The TDMA System in GSM	18	(11)
About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms	29	(18)
Introduction	29	(9)
Some Fundamentals of Digital Modulation Techniques	38	(9)
Analysis of Wireless Systems	47	(34)
Analog and Digital Receiver Designs	47	(11)
Transmitters	58	(23)
Building Blocks	81	(2)
System Specifications and Their Relationship to Circuit Design	83	(31)
System Noise and Noise Floor	83	(5)
System Amplitude and Phase Behavior	88	(26)
Testing	114	(6)
Introduction	114	(1)
Transmission and Reception Quality	114	(4)
Base-Station Simulation	118	(1)
GSM	118	(1)
DECT	118	(2)
Converting C/N or SNR to Eb/N0	120	(3)
Models for Active Devices	123	(252)
Diodes	124	(74)
Large-Signal Diode Model	124	(4)
Mixer and Detector Diodes	128	(7)
PIN Diodes	135	(18)
Tuning Diodes	153	(45)
Bipolar Transistors	198	(39)
Transistor Structure Types	198	(1)
Large-Signal Behavior of Bipolar Transistors	199	(10)
Large-Signal Transistors in the Forward-Active Region	209	(16)
Effects of Collector Voltage on Large-Signal Characteristics in the Forward-Active Region	225	(2)
Saturation and Inverse Active Regions	227	(5)
Small-Signal Models of Bipolar Transistors	232	(5)
Field-Effect Transistors	237	(85)
Large-Signal Behavior of JFETs	246	(3)
Small-Signal Behavior of JFETs	249	(5)
Large-Signal Behavior of MOSFETs	254	(8)
Small-Signal Model of the MOS Transistor in Saturation	262	(4)
Short-Channel Effects in FETs	266	(5)
Small-Signal Models of MOSFETs	271	(30)
GaAs MESFETs	301	(9)
Small-Signal GaAs MESFET Model	310	(12)
Parameter Extraction of Active Devices	322	(53)
Introduction	322	(1)
Typical SPICE Parameters	322	(1)
Noise Modeling	323	(10)
Scalable Device Models	333	(15)
Conclusions	348	(11)
Device Libraries	359	(1)
A Novel Approach for Simulation at Low Voltage and Near Pinchoff Voltage	359	(11)
Example: Improving the BFR193W Model	370	(5)
Amplifier Design with BJTs and FETs	375	(261)
Properties of Amplifiers	375	(66)
Introduction	375	(5)
Gain	380	(5)
Noise Figure (NF)	385	(30)
Linearity	415	(16)
AGC	431	(5)
Bias and Power Voltage and Current (Power Consumption)	436	(5)
Amplifier Gain, Stability, and Matching	441	(49)
Scattering Parameter Relationships	442	(6)
Low-Noise Amplifiers	448	(18)
High-Gain Amplifiers	466	(11)
Low-Voltage Open-Collector Design	477	(13)
Single-Stage FeedBack Amplifiers	490	(7)
Lossless or Noiseless Feedback	495	(1)
Broadband Matching	496	(1)
Two-Stage Amplifiers	497	(10)
Amplifiers with Three or More Stages	507	(6)
Stability of Multistage Amplifiers	512	(1)
A Novel Approach to Voltage-Controlled Tuned Filters Including CAD Validation	513	(9)
Diode Performance	513	(3)
A VHF Example	516	(2)
An HF/VHF Voltage-Controlled Filter	518	(3)
Improving the VHF Filter	521	(1)
Conclusion	521	(1)
Differential Amplifiers	522	(4)
Frequency Doublers	526	(6)
Multistage Amplifiers with Automatic Gain Control (AGC)	532	(2)
Biasing	534	(13)
RF Biasing	543	(1)
dc Biasing	543	(4)
dc Biasing of IC-Type Amplifiers	547	(1)
Push--Pull/Parallel Amplifiers	547	(3)
Power Amplifiers	550	(61)
7-W Class C BJT Amplifier for 1.6 GHz	550	(15)
Impedance Matching Networks Applied to RF Power Transistors	565	(20)
Low-Noise Amplifier Using Distributed Elements	585	(4)
1-W Amplifier Using the CLY15	589	(9)
90-W Push--Pull BJT Amplifier at 430 MHz	598	(2)
Quasiparallel Transistors for Improved Linearity	600	(2)
Distribution Amplifiers	602	(1)
Stability Analysis of a Power Amplifier	602	(9)
Power Amplifier Datasheets and Manufacturer-Recommended Applications	611	(25)
Mixer Design	636	(80)
Introduction	636	(3)
Properties of Mixers	639	(10)
Conversion Gain/Loss	639	(2)
Noise Figure	641	(4)
Linearity	645	(2)
LO Drive Level	647	(1)
Interport Isolation	647	(1)
Port VSWR	647	(1)
dc Offset	647	(2)
dc Polarity	649	(1)
Power Consumption	649	(1)
Diode Mixers	649	(29)
Single-Diode Mixer	650	(2)
Single-Balanced Mixer	652	(7)
Diode-Ring Mixer	659	(19)
Transistor Mixers	678	(38)
BJT Gilbert Cell	679	(3)
BJT Gilbert Cell with Feedback	682	(2)
FET Mixers	684	(9)
MOSFET Gilbert Cell	693	(1)
GaAsFET Single-Gate Switch	694	(22)
RF/Wireless Oscillators	716	(132)
Introduction to Frequency Control	716	(1)
Background	716	(3)
Oscillator Design	719	(16)
Basics of Oscillators	719	(16)
Oscillator Circuits	735	(1)
Hartley	735	(1)
Colpitts	735	(1)
Clapp--Gouriet	736	(1)
Design of RF Oscillators	736	(42)
General Thoughts on Transistor Oscillators	736	(5)
Two-Port Microwave/RF Oscillator Design	741	(4)
Ceramic-Resonator Oscillators	745	(3)
Using a Microstrip Inductor as the Oscillator Resonator	748	(8)
Hartley Microstrip Resonator Oscillator	756	(1)
Crystal Oscillators	756	(2)
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators	758	(7)
Diode-Tuned Resonant Circuits	765	(6)
Practical Circuits	771	(7)
Noise in Oscillators	778	(35)
Linear Approach to the Calculation of Oscillator Phase Noise	778	(10)
AM-to-PM Conversion	788	(10)
Nonlinear Approach to the Calculation of Oscillator Phase Noise	798	(15)
Oscillators in Practice	813	(12)
Oscillator Specifications	813	(1)
More Practical Circuits	814	(11)
Design of RF Oscillators Using CAD	825	(6)
Harmonic-Balance Simulation	825	(6)
Time-Domain Simulation	831	(1)
Phase-Noise Improvements of Integrated RF and Millimeter-Wave Oscillators	831	(17)
Introduction	831	(1)
Review of Noise Analysis	831	(2)
Workarounds	833	(1)
Reduction of Flicker Noise	834	(1)
Applications to Integrated Oscillators	835	(7)
Summary	842	(6)
Wireless Synthesizers	848	(91)
Introduction	848	(1)
Phase-Locked Loops	848	(32)
PLL Basics	848	(3)
Phase/Frequency Comparators	851	(12)
Filters for Phase Detectors Providing Voltage Output	863	(4)
Charge-Pump-Based Phase-Locked Loops	867	(9)
How to Do a Practical PLL Design Using CAD	876	(4)
Fractional-N-Division PLL Synthesis	880	(9)
The Fractional-N Principle	880	(2)
Spur-Suppression Techniques	882	(7)
Direct Digital Synthesis	889	(11)
APPENDIXES
A HBT High-Frequency Modeling and Integrated Parameter Extraction	900	(23)
A-1 Introduction	900	(1)
A-2 High-Frequency HBT Modeling	901	(1)
A-2-1 dc and Small-Signal Model	902	(2)
A-2-2 Linearized T Model	904	(2)
A-2-3 Linearized Hybrid-π Model	906	(1)
A-3 Integrated Parameter Extraction	907	(1)
A-3-1 Formulation of Integrated Parameter Extraction	908	(1)
A-3-2 Model Optimization	908	(1)
A-4 Noise Model Validation	909	(4)
A-5 Parameter Extraction of an HBT Model	913	(8)
A-6 Conclusions	921	(2)
B Nonlinear Microwave Circuit Design Using Multiharmonic Load-Pull Simulation Technique	923	(16)
B-1 Introduction	923	(1)
B-2 Multiharmonic Load-Pull Simulation Using Harmonic Balance	924	(1)
B-2-1 Formulation of Multiharmonic Load-Pull Simulation	924	(1)
B-2-2 Systematic Design Procedure	925	(2)
B-3 Application of Multiharmonic Load-Pull Simulation	927	(1)
B-3-1 Narrowband Power Amplifier Design	927	(6)
B-3-2 Frequency Doubler Design	933	(4)
B-4 Conclusions	937	(1)
B-5 Note on the Practicality of Load-Pull-Based Design	937	(2)
Index	939