Roadwork: Theory and Practice, 5th ed

by Kendrick; Peter

• ISBN13: 9780750664707
• ISBN10: 0750664703
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2004-12-13
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Roadwork Theory and Practice gives the essential information needed by every road worker, highway technician, incorporated, graduate or chartered engineer, not only by explaining the theory of road construction and its associated activities, but by illustrating its application with practical working methods that are in use in everyday engineering practice. As such, it successfully bridges the gap so often found between civil engineering theory and the day-to-day work of a highways engineer. Now in its fifth edition, this classic textbook has been fully revised in line with recent changes to EU standards, legislation, terminology and specifications. The new edition now includes end of chapter review questions and references for further reading. Students will find this text fully caters for the requirements of BTEC National and NVQ qualifications in construction, civil engineering and highways maintenance. In addition, content has been matched to the specifications of the new Higher Nationals in Civil Engineering from Edexcel. Professionals will find the new edition to be an invaluable up-to-date reference source, especially of relevance to recent graduates new to the work place. * Revised throughout to ensure content in line with new EU Standards * Latest changes to highway terminology incorporated * New textbook features increase accessibility of the text - end of chapter review questions and references for further reading

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Highway development	1	(7)
Introduction: Early Road Systems	1	(1)
Terms Used and Their Derivations	2	(1)
The Transition Period	2	(1)
In Later Years	3	(1)
Road Development	4	(1)
Highway Legislation	4	(1)
Mid-twentieth Century Roads, Prior to 1940	5	(1)
Road Construction After 1940, in Great Britain	6	(1)
Definition of Highway	6	(1)
Classification of Highways by Use	6	(1)
Highway Management	6	(2)
Revision Questions	7	(1)
Maps, drawings and surveying	8	(28)
Types of Drawings	8	(5)
Simple Setting Out	13	(4)
More Difficult Setting Out	17	(4)
Surveying	21	(7)
Transferring a Level	28	(1)
Levelling	29	(7)
Revision Questions	35	(1)
Earthworks	36	(11)
Setting Out Prior to Starting Earthworks	36	(1)
Earthmoving or Muck Shifting	37	(2)
Compaction	39	(1)
Replacement of Topsoil and Grassing	40	(1)
Cut and Fill	40	(1)
Capping Layer	40	(1)
Methods of Drying Out Waterlogged Ground	40	(1)
Fascine Construction	41	(1)
Stabilizing Ground	41	(3)
Load-bearing Fill	44	(1)
Soils	44	(1)
Soil Phases	44	(1)
Compaction Testing	44	(1)
Soil Water	45	(1)
Consistency of a Soil	45	(1)
Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit	46	(1)
Backfill	46	(1)
Revision Questions	46	(1)
Drainage	47	(31)
General	47	(1)
Foul Water Drainage	47	(1)
Foul Drains	47	(1)
Storm Water Drains	48	(1)
Road Drainage Systems	48	(1)
Sub-soil Drainage	48	(1)
Road Drainage	49	(1)
The Theory of Drainage	49	(1)
Drainage Work	50	(4)
Notes on Supporting Excavations	54	(8)
Types of Pipes and Joints	62	(2)
Protection of Pioes	64	(1)
Bedding Construction and Bedding Load Factor	65	(1)
Rules for Good Pipelaying Practice	65	(1)
Culverts	66	(1)
Manholes/Access Chambers	67	(3)
Gullies and Grips	70	(2)
Headwalls and Aprons	72	(1)
Other Drainage Equipment and Techniques	72	(3)
Water and Air Testing of Drains (and sewers) in Accordance with British Standard BS 8005 Part I 1987 -- Guide to New Sewerage Construction	75	(2)
Clearing of Blocked Drains	77	(1)
Revision Questions	77	(1)
Flexible and composite pavements	78	(24)
The Purpose of the Road	78	(1)
The Structure of the Pavement	78	(1)
The Load-Carrying Requirements of a Flexible Pavement	79	(1)
Overall Concept of Pavement Design	80	(3)
The Sub-base	83	(1)
The Base (roadbase)	83	(1)
Sub-base and Base(roadbase) Materials	83	(1)
Unbound Sub-base and Base(Roadbase) Materials	84	(1)
Spreading, Levelling and Compacting Unbound Materials	85	(1)
Bituminous Bases(roadbases)	85	(2)
Concrete and Cement-bound Materials	87	(1)
Surfacing	88	(1)
Binder Course Materials	88	(1)
Surface Courses	89	(2)
Preparatory Work Before Laying	91	(1)
Transporting Flexible Road Materials	92	(1)
Laying the Surface Material	92	(1)
Specification for Laying Bituminous Materials	92	(2)
Check List to Use when Laying Road Material	94	(1)
Laying Thicknesses and Rates of Spread	95	(1)
Delivery Checks and Controls	95	(1)
Surface Alignment and Regularity	96	(3)
Colour Finishes of Bituminous Surfacings	99	(1)
Conservation and Use of Reclaimed Materials	100	(1)
Recycling the Existing Road Surface	101	(1)
Revision Questions	101	(1)
Rigid pavements	102	(15)
Introduction	102	(1)
The Rigid Road	102	(1)
Concrete Quality	103	(1)
Reinforcement	103	(1)
Surface Finish	104	(1)
Curing	104	(1)
Joints in Pavement Slabs	104	(3)
Treatment of Manholes and Gullies	107	(1)
Machine Laid Concrete	107	(2)
Finishing Processes	109	(1)
Concreting Trains	109	(1)
Comparison of Slip-form and Concreting Train Methods of Laying a Rigid Pavement	110	(1)
Concreting by Hand	110	(2)
Alternate Bay Construction Procedure	112	(1)
Formwork or Shuttering	112	(1)
Transverse Joints	113	(1)
Longitudinal Joints	113	(1)
Release Agents	114	(1)
Striking of Formwork	114	(1)
Tamping	114	(1)
Surface Finish and Texture	115	(1)
Curing of Hand Laid Concrete	115	(1)
Warping Joints	115	(1)
Sampling and Testing	116	(1)
Fast-track Concrete Paving	116	(1)
Reinstatement	116	(1)
Revision Questions	116	(1)
Kerbing, footways and paved areas	117	(18)
The Purpose of Kerbing	117	(1)
Kerbing Materials and Other Types of Edge Detail	117	(4)
Properties of Natural Stone and Precast Concrete Kerbs	121	(1)
Laying Precast Concrete Kerbs	122	(3)
Terminology	125	(1)
Footways	126	(1)
Surfacing Materials and Laying Techniques	126	(3)
Paved Areas (e.g. Precincts with Special Treatments)	129	(6)
Revision Questions	134	(1)
Ancillary construction work	135	(13)
Hedging	135	(1)
Planting Small Trees of About 2--3m in Height	136	(1)
Planting Semi-Mature Trees 4-5m or More in Height	137	(1)
Seeding of Verges, etc.	138	(1)
Fencing	139	(2)
Fencing Posts	141	(1)
Erection of Fencing	141	(1)
Snow Fencing	141	(2)
Arrangement of Snow Fences	143	(1)
Brick Walling	143	(2)
Retaining Walls	145	(2)
Shuttering for Walls	147	(1)
Reinforcement for Walls	147	(1)
Revision Questions	147	(1)
Safety at work	148	(24)
Safety and the Law	148	(1)
A Safe Place of Work	149	(1)
Safety on Highway Sites	149	(4)
Temporary Signing of Roadworks	153	(1)
Principles of Good Signing at Roadworks	154	(12)
Spillage of Chemical Substances on the Highway	166	(1)
Safety in Sewers	167	(3)
General Precautions Whilst Working in Sewers	170	(1)
Emergencies	170	(2)
Revision Questions	171	(1)
Materials and testing	172	(1)
Part 1 Materials: Flexible Pavements	172	(7)
Bituminous Roadbuilding Materials	172	(1)
Roadmaking Aggregates	172	(1)
Rock for Roadmaking Purposes	173	(1)
Bitumen	174	(1)
Sources of Refinery Bitumen	174	(1)
Penetration-grade Bitumen	175	(1)
Fluxed Bitumens	175	(1)
Bitumen Emulsions	175	(1)
Mastic Asphalt	176	(1)
Aggregates in Bituminous Materials	176	(1)
Tar	176	(1)
Hardness of Tar	176	(1)
Modified Binders	177	(1)
European Terminology	177	(1)
General Description of Bituminous Materials	177	(2)
Required Working Temperatures for Bituminous Materials	179	(1)
Part 2 Testing of Bituminous Materials	179	(4)
Sampling Techniques	179	(1)
Selecting Samples	179	(1)
Standard Test Sieves	180	(1)
Penetration of Bitumen	180	(1)
Viscosity of Bitumens and Tars	181	(1)
Softening Point of Tar or Bitumen: Ring and Ball Test	182	(1)
Polished Stone Value	182	(1)
Part 3 Materials: Rigid Pavements	183	(4)
Materials used in Rigid Pavements	183	(1)
Concrete	183	(1)
Aggregates	184	(1)
Admixtures to Concrete	185	(1)
Consistence of a Concrete Mix	186	(1)
Lightweight Concrete using Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA)	186	(1)
Part 4 Testing: Rigid Pavements	187	(4)
The Silt Test	187	(1)
Taking a Sample from a Concrete Mixer (either site or truck)	187	(1)
The Slump Test	188	(1)
Making Cubes	188	(2)
Compacting Factor Test	190	(1)
Part 5 Tests on Soils	191	(4)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test for Soils	191	(1)
Optimum Moisture Content	192	(3)
Revision Questions	194	(1)
Highway plant	195	(1)
Introduction	195	(1)
Part 1 Heavy Plant and Equipment	195	(13)
Excavators (Wheeled)	195	(1)
Excavators (Tracked)	196	(1)
Mini Excavators and Skid Steer Loaders	196	(1)
Dumper Trucks	197	(1)
Lifting Appliances	198	(1)
Lorry Loaders	198	(1)
Paving Machines	198	(2)
Road Sweepers	200	(1)
Gully Emptiers and Jetting Equipment	201	(1)
Winter Services Vehicle (Principle of Operation)	202	(1)
Snow Plough	203	(1)
Mowers and Tractor Cutting Attachments	203	(1)
Road Rollers	204	(2)
Concrete Mixers	206	(2)
Part 2 Light Plant and Equipment	208	(97)
Compressors	208	(1)
Hydraulic Breaker Pack	209	(1)
Hand-Operated Power Breakers	209	(1)
Hand-Operated Tampers and Vibrators	210	(1)
Pumps	210	(1)
Wheeled Cutters (concrete/asphalt saws)	211	(1)
Chainsaws	212	(1)
Brushcutters and Strimmers	212	(1)
Vehicle Actuated Portable Traffic Signals	213	(1)
Remote Control Temporary `Stop/Go' Boards	214	(1)
Cable/Pipe Detectors	215	(1)
Revision Questions	215	(1)
Street furniture	216	(28)
Permanent Signs	216	(8)
Road Markings	224	(6)
Pedestrian Guard Rails	230	(2)
Vehicle Safety Fences	232	(4)
Traffic Signals and Roundabouts	236	(4)
Street Lighting	240	(4)
Revision Questions	243	(1)
Bridgeworks: construction and maintenance	244	(14)
Historical Notes	244	(1)
Design	244	(1)
Bridge Types	244	(1)
Abutments	245	(1)
Superstructure	246	(1)
Composite Construction	246	(1)
Prestressed Concrete Beams	247	(1)
Expansion	247	(2)
Waterproofing	249	(1)
Parapet Walls	249	(1)
Large Bridges	249	(1)
Bridge Maintenance	250	(3)
Footbridges	253	(1)
Timber Bridges	253	(3)
Preservation of Timber	256	(1)
Repair of Corroded Concrete Bridge Structures	256	(1)
High Pressure Water Concrete Repair Treatment	257	(1)
Revision Questions	257	(1)
Highway maintenance	258	(23)
Introduction	258	(3)
Amenity and Aids to Movement	261	(2)
Weather Emergencies	263	(1)
Brief Notes on Materials and Equipment	264	(1)
Treatment of Snow and Ice	264	(1)
Identification of Road Maintenance Problems	265	(3)
Repairs	268	(1)
Planing	269	(1)
Surface Dressing	269	(1)
Materials	270	(1)
Design of the Specification	270	(2)
Outline of Procedure for Surface Dressing	272	(1)
Resurfacing	273	(2)
Strengthening or Widening of Carriageway by Haunching	275	(1)
Repair of Road Haunch	275	(1)
Mix-in-Place Recycling	276	(1)
The Retread Process	276	(2)
Repave and Re-Mix	278	(1)
Retexturing Road Surfaces	278	(1)
Pressure Grouting: Rigid Pavements	278	(2)
Replacement of Failed Slabs	280	(1)
Revision Questions	280	(1)
New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 Second Edition 2002	281	(12)
Background	281	(1)
The Public Utilities Street Works Act (PUSWA) 1950	281	(1)
Model Agreement and Specification	281	(1)
Horne Report	281	(1)
New Roads and Street Works Act 1991	281	(3)
Excavation and Reinsatement of Trenches	284	(1)
The Specification	284	(4)
Reinstatement Practice	288	(1)
Inspection	288	(4)
General Summary	292	(1)
Revision Questions	292	(1)
Site Organization	293	(12)
Introduction	293	(1)
Contract Documents	293	(1)
Tender Documents	294	(1)
Work Planning	295	(1)
Preparations for Starting Work	296	(1)
Resources of Production	296	(1)
Work Programming	297	(4)
Examples of Diagrams	301	(4)
Revision Questions	304	(1)
Answers to revision questions	305	(1)
Suggested reading list	306	(1)
Index	307