Running a Restaurant for Dummies : Building Nonprofit and Community Leadership from the Bottom Up

by Daniel H. Shain

• ISBN13: 9780470455197
• ISBN10: 0470455195
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-04-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Annelids offer a diversity of experimentally accessible features making them a rich experimental subject across the biological sciences, including evolutionary development, neurosciences and stem cell research.This volume introduces the Annelids and their utility in evolutionary developmental biology, neurobiology, and environmental/ecological studies, including extreme environments. The book demonstrates the variety of fields in which Annelids are already proving to be a useful experimental system. Describing the utility of Annelids as a research model, this book is an invaluable resource for all researchers in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface

Contributors

Annelids as Model Systems in Biology

Developing Models for Lophotrochozoan and Annelid Biology

Introduction

Phylogenetic Considerations

Genetic and Developmental Tools

Annelid Model Organisms

Other Potential Annelid Models

Annelid Phylogeny-Molecular Analysis with an Emphasis on Model Annelids

Introduction

Genes

Molecular Annelid Phylogeny

Choosing Model Organisms

Branch Lengths

Problems in Inferring Annelid Phylogeny

Conclusions

Cryptic Speciation in Clitellate Model Organisms

Introduction

Sources and Kinds of Variation

Examples of Clitellate Model Organisms

Cryptic Speciation

Conclusions and Recommendations

Annelid Life Cycle Cultures

Introduction

Criteria for the Selection of Species

Summary of Culture Techniques

Life Cycle Cultures of Polychaeta

Life Cycle Cultures of Oligochaeta

Life Cycle Cultures of Hirudinea (Leeches)

Evolution and Development

Annelids in Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Dian-Han Kuo)

Introduction

Evo-Devo Today

Evo-Devo as Comparative Biology

Why Annelid Development Is Interesting for Metazoan Evo-Devo Biologists

Case Study 1: Segmentation

Case Study 2: Spiral Cleavage and Axis Specifi cation

Tools for Analyzing Molecular Mechanisms of Development

The Future of the Annelid Model Systems for Evo-Devo

Evolution, Development and Ecology of Capitella

sp. I: A Waxing Model for Polychaete Studies

Introduction

Speciation Studies

Capitella

Sp. 1 Morphology

Replacement of Lost Segments and Reproductive Trade-Offs

Metatrochophores, Ciliary Bands and Musculature

Gene Expression during the Specifi cation and Differentiation of Germ Layers

Sex among the Vermes

Annelids and the Segmentation Debate

A-P Polarity-Hox and ParaHox

Genes

Annelid Genomics: Draft Genome Sequence

The Future-Where Is This Going?

Stem Cell Genesis and Differentiation in Leech

Introduction

Stem Cell Genesis and Development

Factors Affecting Stem Cell Genesis

Stem Cell Differentiation

Gene Expression

Conclusion

Neurobiology and Regeneration

Cellular and Behavioral Properties of Learning in Leech and Other Annelids

Introduction

Learning in the Leech Whole-Body Shortening Refl ex and Role of the S Interneuron

Role of the S Interneuron: Modulation of Excitability

Learning in the Leech Swim Circuit

Using the Leech to Study Intrinsic Forms of Sensitization

Synaptic Plasticity in Leech CNS

Conclusions

Development, Regeneration and Immune Responses of the Leech Nervous System

Introduction

Background

Recent Work on the Development of the Nervous System

Neuronal Regeneration and Repair

Neuroimmune Responses

Cellular and Humoral Immune Mechanisms: A Leech Innate Immune Response

Conclusions and Future Directions

Lumbriculus variegatus and the Need for Speed: A Model System for Rapid Escape, Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction

Introduction

Neural Regeneration in Oligochaetes

Lumbriculus variegatus, a Model System for Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction

Neural Morphallaxis

Accessible Model for Life Science Education

Environmental and Ecological Studies

Polychaetes in Environmental Studies

Introduction

Estuarine Occurrence

Intertidal Occurrence

Mussel Beds

Sea Grasses

Sabellarid and Serpulid Reefs

Benthic Community Structure

Unusual Benthic Habitats

Feeding Guilds

Algal "Gardening" behavior

Polychaetes as Environmental Indicators and Remediators

Biomonitoring

Toxicological Tests

Economic Importance of Polychaetes

Conclusions

Oligochaete Worms for Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils and Sediments

Introduction

Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment

Soil Tests with Lumbricidae

Soil Tests with Enchytraeidae

Sediment Tests with Lumbriculidae and Tubifi cidae

Oligochaetes in Ecotoxicology

Conclusions

Evolution and Ecology of Ophryotrocha

Introduction

General Morphology

Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Considerations

Reproductive Biology

Ecology

Future Research

Cosmopolitan Earthworms-A Global and Historical Perspective

Introduction

Number of Earthworm Species

Characteristics and Origins of Cosmopolitan Earthworms

Overview of Results

Discussion

Regional Species Totals and Proportions of Exotics

Earthworms, Archaeology and Human History

Benefi ts and Risks of Earthworm Transportations

Conclusions

Extreme Environments and Biological Novelties

Hydrothermal Vent Annelids

Introduction

Alvinella pompejana: a Symbiotic System

Temperature Adaptation

Temperature Adaptation at a Molecular Level

Alvinella

Tubes

Collagens

Temperature Adaptation at a Cellular Level: the Case of Developing Embryos

Behavioral Adaptation to a High-Temperature Environment

Future Development of Thermal Adaptation Studies

Perspectives

Glacier Ice Worms

Introduction

Natural History

Classifi cation and Phylogenetic Relationships

Origins

Clades

Physiology

Conservation Status

Sperm Ultrastructure in Assessing Phylogenetic Relationships among Clitellate Annelids

Introduction

The Spermatozoon of Propappus volki (Michaelsen 1916)

Sperm Ultrastructure in Branchiobdellids, Acanthobdella peledina, and Hirudineans

Sperm Ultrastructure inside Tubifi cidae

Plesiomorphic Spermatozoon of Clitellates and Spermatological Apomorphic Trends

Patterns of Spermatological Characters among Clitellates

Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion

Introduction

Reproductive Biology

Clitellum and CGCs

Cocoon Production

Brooding Behavior within Glossiphoniidae

Cocoon Structure: Surface Topology and Ultrastructural Properties

Evolution of Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion

Biomaterials Applications

Index

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