Safe Use of Chemicals: A Practical Guide

by Dikshith; T.S.S.

• ISBN13: 9781420080513
• ISBN10: 1420080512
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-08-21
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Occupational workers frequently use, store, and dispose of toxic chemicals without knowing the possible consequences, both for the workplace and the environment. Improper use or misuse of chemical substances can result in health disorders, fatalities, or chemical disasters. Safe Use of Chemicals: A Practical Guidepresents quick and comprehensive instruction to those who work with potentially dangerous substances and provides them with the information they need to avoid the hazards associated with handling these chemicals.Extensive Information on Numerous SubstancesThoroughly referenced from a wide variety of sources, this book contains information on industrial solvents, pesticides, metals, air pollutants, toxic gases and drugs, as well as other substances. The information presented for each chemical substance is concise yet thorough and does not require advanced training to comprehend. For each chemical, the author provides the CAS number, IUPAC name,molecular formula, synonyms, uses and exposures, toxicity and health effects, the exposure limits, and methods of proper storage and disposal. Tables and appendices are included where appropriate.T.S.S. Dikshith is a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria Documents and the International Program on Chemical Safety and has worked in several laboratories in the United States, France, Germany, and Canada. By following the guidelines established in this text, those who work with chemical substances are able to minimize the risk of disaster and protect themselves and others from the toxic effects of the substances they deal with on a daily basis.

Author Biography

T.S.S. Dikshith is a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria Documents and the International Program on Chemical Safety and has worked in several laboratories in the United States, France, Germany, and Canada

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xv
The Author	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Chemical Substances and Poisoning of Humans	p. 2
General Safety Guidelines	p. 3
References	p. 4
Chemical Substances and Categorization	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Chemicals and Categorization	p. 5
Industrial Solvents	p. 5
Metals and Metal Compounds	p. 6
Pesticides	p. 6
Toxic Dust, Fumes, Gases, and Vapors	p. 7
Fumes and Dust of Metals	p. 7
Asphyxiates	p. 8
Corrosive Substances	p. 8
Irritants	p. 9
Eye and Skin Irritants	p. 9
Lung and Respiratory Irritants	p. 9
Neurotoxic Chemicals	p. 10
Oxidizing Agents	p. 10
Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Teratogens	p. 12
Chemicals and Fire Hazards	p. 12
Conclusion	p. 12
References	p. 12
Elements of Toxicology and Chemical Safety	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Toxicology Studies	p. 15
History of Toxicology	p. 16
Branches of Toxicology	p. 19
Types of Toxicological Studies	p. 21
Acute Toxicity	p. 21
Chronic Toxicity	p. 22
Influencing Factors	p. 25
Dose-Time Relationship	p. 25
Routes of Exposure and Toxicity Tests	p. 25
Parameters of Toxicity	p. 26
Parameters and the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals and Drugs	p. 26
Good Laboratory Practice and Regulations	p. 26
Good Laboratory Practice	p. 27
Toxicology Test Report	p. 28
References	p. 29
Signs and Symptoms of Toxicity	p. 30
Industrial Solvents	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Solvents	p. 32
Flammable and Combustible Solvents	p. 33
Uses of Solvents	p. 34
Exposure to Solvents	p. 35
Drugs, Pharmaceutical Products, and Residual Solvents	p. 36
Solvents and Precautions	p. 37
Education and Training	p. 40
Toxicity and Health Effects	p. 40
Neurotoxicity	p. 41
Solvent Syndrome and Fetal Defects	p. 41
Workplace Controls and Work Practices	p. 42
Occupational Exposure Limits	p. 42
Solvents and Toxicity Profile	p. 42
Conclusion	p. 71
References	p. 71
Classes of Different Chemical Substances and Solvents	p. 76
Health Hazards of Solvents upon Inhalation	p. 78
Metals and Metal Compounds	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Discovery of Metals	p. 79
Different Metals	p. 81
Metals and Alloys	p. 81
Metal Poisoning and Symptoms	p. 82
Conclusions	p. 102
References	p. 103
Metals and Health Disorders in Humans	p. 107
Pesticides	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Global Development of Pesticides	p. 110
Classifications of Pesticides	p. 110
Uses of Pesticides	p. 113
Toxicity of Pesticides	p. 114
Signs and Symptoms of Toxicity	p. 114
Pesticide Management	p. 115
Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning	p. 118
Approaches to Reduce Intentional and Suicidal Poisonings	p. 120
The Insecticide Act (1968)	p. 120
Regulations	p. 121
Pesticides and Carcinogenicity	p. 122
Conclusion	p. 122
References	p. 123
Global Development of Pesticides	p. 124
Pesticide Poisoning-Mild, Moderate, and Severe	p. 125
Pesticide Components, Signs of Toxicity, and Parts of the Body Affected	p. 126
Behavioral and Nonbehavioral Changes Caused by Pesticide Exposure	p. 126
Pesticides and Mammalian Toxicity	p. 126
Pesticides and Hormone Disturbances in Mammals	p. 129
Classification of Pesticide Toxicity	p. 129
Organochlorinate Pesticides and Carcinogenicity	p. 130
Classification of Pesticides and Carcinogenicity	p. 130
Pesticides Listed in India as Carcinogens	p. 136
Air Pollutants and Toxic Gases	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Sources of Pollutants and Health Effects	p. 139
Air Pollutants	p. 139
References	p. 158
Chemical Substances and Carcinogenicity	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis	p. 161
Classification of Carcinogens	p. 162
Chemical Substances, Occupations, and Cancer	p. 164
Children and Pesticide-Induced Cancer	p. 167
References	p. 167
Additional Reading	p. 168
Known Human Carcinogens	p. 169
Group B2-Probable Human Carcinogens	p. 170
Group E-Evidence of Noncarcinogenicity for Humans	p. 171
Classification of Benign and Malignant Tumors in Mammals	p. 172
Chemical Substances and Neurotoxicity	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Neurotoxicity	p. 174
Industrial Chemicals and Neurotoxicity	p. 176
Monomers	p. 177
Neurotoxicity and Children	p. 178
Symptoms of Neurotoxicity	p. 178
Polyneuropathy	p. 178
Encephalopathy	p. 179
Neurotoxicants and Neonates	p. 180
Conclusion	p. 180
References	p. 181
Chemical Substances and Neurotoxicity	p. 183
Chemical Substances and Nephrotoxicity	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Chemical Substances and Renal Injury	p. 185
Symptoms of Nephropathy	p. 186
Metals and Nephrotoxicity	p. 188
References	p. 190
Conclusions	p. 191
Chemical Safety Guidelines	p. 193
Safe-Handling Guidelines	p. 193
Minimize Exposure and Reduce Risks	p. 194
Hygiene and Chemical Safety	p. 194
Glossary	p. 197
Appendices	p. 223
Index	p. 283
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