Salt Weathering Hazards

by Goudie, Andrew S.; Viles, Heather A.

• ISBN13: 9780471958420
• ISBN10: 0471958425
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-10-07
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The hazards posed to engineering structures by salt weathering are increasing because of such diverse factors as the spread of irrigation and high levels of atmospheric pollution. Salt weathering is also a potent cause of rock decay and geomorphological change in polar, coastal and desert environments. The book discusses the reasons why the hazards are increasing and presents striking case studies from many parts of the world. It also discusses the nature and sources of different salts, the mechanisms that cause the deterioration of building materials and natural rock outcrops, the geomorphological processes of salt attack and their impact on landform development, and the strategies and techniques that are available to combat salt attack. The book is extensively illustrated and has a very comprehensive bibliography of the multi-disciplinary literature.

Author Biography

Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles School of Geography, University of Oxford, UK

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgements	xi
The hazard	1	(18)
Introduction	1	(3)
Is the salt hazard increasing?	4	(13)
Conclusions and conceptual framework	17	(2)
Case studies	19	(30)
Introduction	19	(1)
Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan	19	(4)
Suez City, Egypt and Dubai, UAE	23	(6)
Islamic monuments in Uzbekistan	29	(1)
Pueblo buildings of the American West	29	(1)
The Sphinx and other sites in Egypt	30	(2)
Salt weathering in Bahrain	32	(2)
Salt damp in Adelaide, Australia	34	(1)
Pipeline decay in Namibia	35	(1)
The disintegration of roads and runways in the Sahara	36	(3)
Salt heave and concrete corrosion in California	39	(1)
The Nabatean City of Petra, Jordan	39	(2)
Jeronimos Monastery, Lisbon	41	(2)
Sea walls at Weston-Super-Mare, Avon, UK	43	(1)
The historic centre of Oxford, UK	44	(3)
Conclusions	47	(2)
Nature of Salts Involved in Salt Weathering and Sources of Moisture	49	(42)
Introduction	49	(1)
Nature of salts	50	(29)
Sources of moisture for salt weathering	79	(7)
Fingerprinting the sources of salts	86	(3)
Environmental conditions favouring salt weathering	89	(2)
Materials' Susceptibility and Experimental Simulations	91	(32)
Introduction	91	(1)
Materials' susceptibility	91	(2)
Experimental simulations of salt crystallisation and hydration	93	(17)
Relative resistance of different rocks	110	(4)
Experimental simulations of co-associations of salt weathering and other weathering processes	114	(3)
Experimental simulations of sulphation	117	(1)
Experimental simulations of the chemical action of salts	118	(2)
Field experiments on slat weathering in co-association with other processes	120	(2)
Conclusions	122	(1)
Mechanisms of Salt Attack	123	(38)
Introduction	123	(1)
Crystallisation of salts	123	(8)
Hydration	131	(9)
Differential thermal expansion of salts	140	(1)
Slaking	141	(1)
Corrosion effects on reinforcements	142	(1)
Sulphate attack on concrete	142	(3)
Sulphation and crust formation	145	(4)
Chemical weathering by alkaline and other salts	149	(4)
Hygroscopicity, deliquescence and moisture effects	153	(4)
Salt and biological weathering	157	(1)
Salt and frost	158	(2)
Conclusions	160	(1)
Geomorphological Implications of Salt Weathering	161	(34)
Introduction	161	(3)
Salt weathering and pan formation	164	(5)
Tafoni, alveoles, honeycombs and overhangs	169	(9)
Coastal weathering and shore platforms	178	(3)
Production of fine particles	181	(8)
Gypsum crusts and associated blistering and spalling	189	(1)
How fast does salt weathering operate on natural rock outcrops?	190	(4)
Conclusions	194	(1)
Diagnosing, Solving and Managing Salt Weathering Hazards	195	(18)
Introduction	195	(1)
Diagnosing the problem	196	(3)
Avoidance and zoning	199	(1)
Reduction in groundwater level	200	(1)
Modifying local environmental conditions	200	(1)
Stone treatment	200	(4)
Humidity modification	204	(1)
Prevention of damage to bitumen pavements	205	(1)
Protection of bridges and concrete structures against salt attack	206	(1)
Case studies	206	(6)
Conclusions	212	(1)
References	213	(24)
Index	237