Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications, 3rd Edition

by Paul S. Levy (Univ. of Illinois, Chicago); Stanley Lemeshow (The Ohio State Univ.)

• ISBN13: 9780471155751
• ISBN10: 0471155756
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

"Sampling of Populations, Fourth Edition continues to serve as an all-inclusive resource on the basic and most current practices in population sampling. Maintaining the clear and accessible style of the previous edition, this book outlines the essential statistical methods for survey design and analysis, while also exploring techniques that have developed over the past decade." "The Fourth Edition guides the reader through the basic concepts and procedures that accompany real-world sample surveys, such as sampling designs, problems of missing data, statistical analysis of multistage sampling data, and nonresponse and poststratification adjustment procedures. Rather than employ a heavily mathematical approach, the authors present illustrative examples that demonstrate the rationale behind common steps in the sampling process, from creating effective surveys to analyzing collected data."--BOOK JACKET.

Author Biography

PAUL S. LEVY is Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Illinois School of Public Health. He is a Fellow of both the American Statistical Association and the American College of Epidemiology and has been widely published during his long and distinguished career as a statistician and epidemiologist. Most recently he served as section editor for design of experiments and sample surveys of the Encyclopedia of Biostatistics.<br> <br> Y LEMESHOW is a Professor in the Department of Statistics at The Ohio State University. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and has published numerous articles in statistical and biomedical journals. In addition to this book, he has coauthored Applied Logistic Regression (Wiley), Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies, and Applied Survival Analysis (Wiley).

Table of Contents

Tables	xvii	(6)
Boxes	xxiii	(2)
Getting Files from the Wiley ftp and Internet Sites	xxv	(2)
Preface to the Third Edition	xxvii
PART 1 BASIC CONCEPTS	1	(46)
1. Uses of Sample Surveys	3	(10)
1.1 Why Sample Surveys are Used	3	(3)
1.2 Designing Sample Surveys	6	(2)
1.2.1 Sample Design	6	(1)
1.2.2 Survey Measurements	6	(1)
1.2.3 Survey Operations	7	(1)
1.2.4 Statistical Analysis and Report Writing	7	(1)
1.3 Preliminary Planning of a Sample Survey	8	(1)
Exercises	8	(1)
Bibliography	9	(4)
2. The Population and the Sample	13	(34)
2.1 The Population	13	(7)
2.1.1 Elementary Units	15	(1)
2.1.2 Population Parameters	15	(5)
2.2 The Sample	20	(7)
2.2.1 Probability and Nonprobability Sampling	20	(1)
2.2.2 Sampling Frames, Sampling Units, and Enumeration Units	21	(1)
2.2.3 Sample Measurements and Summary Statistics	22	(2)
2.2.4 Estimation of Population Characteristics	24	(3)
2.3 Sampling Distributions	27	(5)
2.4 Characteristics of Estimates of Population Parameters	32	(6)
2.4.1 Bias	33	(1)
2.4.2 Mean Square Error	34	(3)
2.4.3 Validity, Reliability, and Accuracy	37	(1)
2.5 Criteria for a Good Sample Design	38	(1)
2.6 Summary	39	(1)
Exercises	39	(5)
Bibliography	44	(3)
PART 2 MAJOR SAMPLING DESIGNS AND ESTIMATION PROCEDURES	47	(346)
3. Simple Random Sampling	47	(34)
3.1 What is a Simple Random Sample?	47	(2)
3.1.1 How to Take a Simple Random Sample	48	(1)
3.1.2 Probability of an Element Being Selected	49	(1)
3.2 Estimation of Population Characteristics Under Simple Random Sampling	49	(6)
3.2.1 Estimation Formulas	49	(1)
3.2.2 Numerical Computation of Estimates and Their Standard Errors	50	(5)
3.3 Sampling Distributions of Estimated Population Characteristics	55	(3)
3.4 Coefficients of Variation of Estimated Population Parameters	58	(3)
3.5 Reliability of Estimates	61	(3)
3.6 Estimation of Parameters for Subdomains	64	(6)
3.7 How Large a Sample Do We Need?	70	(5)
3.8 Why Simple Random Sampling Is Rarely Used	75	(1)
3.9 Summary	75	(1)
Exercises	76	(3)
Bibliography	79	(2)
4. Systematic Sampling	81	(40)
4.1 How To Take a Systematic Sample	81	(2)
4.2 Estimation of Population Characteristics	83	(1)
4.3 Sampling Distribution of Estimates	84	(5)
4.4 Variance of Estimates	89	(7)
4.5 A Modification That Always Yields Unbiased Estimates	96	(3)
4.6 Estimation of Variances	99	(2)
4.7 Repeated Systematic Sampling	101	(9)
4.8 How Large a Sample Do We Need?	110	(2)
4.9 Using Frames That Are Not Lists	112	(1)
4.10 Summary	113	(1)
Exercises	113	(7)
Bibliography	120	(1)
5. Stratification and Stratified Random Sampling	121	(24)
5.1 What is a Stratified Random Sample?	121	(1)
5.2 How to Take a Stratified Random Sample	122	(1)
5.3 Why Stratified Sampling?	123	(5)
5.4 Population Parameters for Strata	128	(5)
5.5 Sample Statistics for Strata	133	(1)
5.6 Estimation of Population Parameters from Stratified Random Sampling	134	(5)
5.7 Summary	139	(1)
Exercises	140	(3)
Bibliography	143	(2)
6. Stratified Random Sampling: Further Issues	145	(46)
6.1 Estimation of Population Parameters	145	(1)
6.2 Sampling Distributions of Estimates	146	(2)
6.3 Estimation of Standard Errors	148	(2)
6.4 Estimation of Characteristics of Subgroups	150	(2)
6.5 Allocation of Sample to Strata	152	(17)
6.5.1 Equal Allocation	152	(1)
6.5.2 Proportional Allocation: Self-Weighting Samples	153	(6)
6.5.3 Optimal Allocation	159	(2)
6.5.4 Optimal Allocation and Economics	161	(8)
6.6 Stratification After Sampling	169	(6)
6.7 How Large a Sample is Needed?	175	(4)
6.8 Construction of Stratum Boundaries and Desired Number of Strata	179	(4)
6.9 Summary	183	(1)
Exercises	184	(4)
Bibliography	188	(3)
7. Ratio Estimation	191	(34)
7.1 Ratio Estimation Under Simple Random Sampling	192	(8)
7.2 Estimation of Ratios for Subdomains Under Simple Random Sampling	200	(3)
7.3 Poststratified Ratio Estimates Under Simple Random Sampling	203	(3)
7.4 Ratio Estimation of Totals Under Simple Random Sampling	206	(6)
7.5 Comparison of Ratio Estimate with Simple Inflation Estimate	212	(1)
7.6 Approximation to the Standard Error of the Ratio Estimated Total	213	(1)
7.7 Determination of Sample Size	214	(1)
7.8 Regression Estimation of Totals	215	(2)
7.9 Ratio Estimation in Stratified Random Sampling	217	(3)
7.10 Summary	220	(1)
Exercises	220	(4)
Bibliography	224	(1)
8. Cluster Sampling: Introduction and Overview	225	(10)
8.1 What is Cluster Sampling?	226	(3)
8.2 Why is Cluster Sampling Widely Used?	229	(2)
8.3 A Disadvantage of Cluster Sampling: High Standard Errors	231	(1)
8.4 How Cluster Sampling is Treated in This Book	231	(1)
8.5 Summary	232	(1)
Exercises	232	(1)
Bibliography	233	(2)
9. Simple One-Stage Cluster Sampling	235	(40)
9.1 How to Take a Simple One-Stage Cluster Sample	236	(1)
9.2 Estimation of Population Characteristics	236	(18)
9.3 Sampling Distributions of Estimates	254	(4)
9.4 How Large a Sample Is Needed?	258	(2)
9.5 Reliability of Estimates and Costs Involved	260	(3)
9.6 Choosing a Sampling Design Based on Cost and Reliability	263	(4)
9.7 Summary	267	(1)
Exercises	268	(5)
Bibliography	273	(2)
10. Two-Stage Cluster Sampling: Clusters Sampled with Equal Probability	275	(58)
10.1 Situation in Which all Clusters Have the Same Number, N(1), of Enumeration Units	275	(28)
10.1.1 How to Take a Simple Two-Stage Cluster Sample	275	(2)
10.1.2 Estimation of Population Characteristics	277	(2)
10.1.3 Estimation of Standard Errors	279	(9)
10.1.4 Sampling Distribution of Estimates	288	(4)
10.1.5 How Large a Sample is Needed?	292	(3)
10.1.6 Choosing the Optimal Cluster Size n Considering Costs	295	(3)
10.1.7 Some Shortcut Formulas for Determining the Optimal Number n	298	(5)
10.2 Situation in Which All Clusters Do Not Have the Same Number, N(1), of Enumeration Units	303	(18)
10.2.1 How to Take a Simple Two-Stage Cluster Sample for this Design	303	(1)
10.2.2 Estimation of Population Characteristics	304	(1)
10.2.3 Estimation of Standard Errors of Estimates	304	(8)
10.2.4 Sampling Distributions of Estimates	312	(5)
10.2.5 How Large a Sample Do We Need?	317	(1)
10.2.6 Choosing the Optimal Cluster Size n Considering Costs	318	(3)
10.3 Systematic Sampling as Cluster Sampling	321	(1)
10.4 Summary	321	(1)
Exercises	322	(10)
Bibliography	332	(1)
11. Cluster Sampling in Which Clusters Are Sampled with Unequal Probability: Probability Proportional to Size Sampling	333	(32)
11.1 Motivation for Not Sampling Clusters with Equal Probability	334	(4)
11.2 Two General Classes of Estimators Valid for Sample Designs in Which Units Are Selected with Unequal Probability	338	(4)
11.2.1 The Horvitz-Thompson Estimator	338	(2)
11.2.2 The Hansen-Hurwitz Estimator	340	(2)
11.3 Probability Proportional to Size Sampling	342	(17)
11.3.1 Probability Proportional to Size Sampling with Replacement: Use of the Hansen-Hurwitz Estimator	345	(7)
11.3.2 PPS Sampling When the Measure of Size Variable is not the Number of Enumeration Units	352	(2)
11.3.3 How to Take a PPS Sample with Replacement	354	(1)
11.3.4 How Large a Sample is Needed for a Two-Stage Sample in Which Clusters Are Selected PPS with Replacement?	354	(4)
11.3.5 Telephone PPS Sampling: The Mitofsky-Waksberg Method of Random Digit Dialing	358	(1)
11.4 Further Comment on PPS Sampling	359	(1)
11.5 Summary	360	(1)
Exercises	360	(3)
Bibliography	363	(2)
12. Variance Estimation in Complex Sample Surveys	365	(28)
12.1 Linearization	366	(5)
12.2 Replication Methods	371	(11)
12.2.1 The Balanced Repeated Replication Method	371	(7)
12.2.2 Jackknife Estimation	378	(2)
12.2.3 Estimation of Interviewer Variability by Use of Replicated Sampling (Interpenetrating Samples)	380	(2)
12.3 Summary	382	(1)
Exercises	383	(3)
Technical Appendix	386	(2)
Bibliography	388	(5)
PART 3 SELECTED TOPICS IN SAMPLE SURVEY METHODOLOGY	393	(104)
13. Nonresponse and Missing Data in Sample Surveys	393	(32)
13.1 Effect of Nonresponse on Accuracy of Estimates	394	(1)
13.2 Methods of Increasing the Response Rate in Sample Surveys	395	(3)
13.2.1 Increasing the Number of Households Contacted Successfully	396	(1)
13.2.2 Increasing the Completion Rate in Mail Questionnaires	396	(1)
13.2.3 Decreasing the Number of Refusals in Face-to-Face or Telephone Interviews	397	(1)
13.2.4 Using Endorsements	397	(1)
13.3 Mail Surveys Combined with Interviews of Nonrespondents	398	(4)
13.3.1 Determination of Optimal Fraction of Initial Nonrespondents to Subsample for Intensive Effort	400	(1)
13.3.2 Determination of Sample Size Needed for a Two-Stage Mail Survey	401	(1)
13.4 Other Uses of Double Sampling Methodology	402	(2)
13.5 Item Nonresponse: Methods of Imputation	404	(8)
13.5.1 Mechanisms by Which Missing Values Arise	404	(3)
13.5.2 Some Methods for Analyzing Data in the Presence of Missing Values	407	(2)
13.5.3 Some Imputation Methods	409	(3)
13.6 Multiple Imputation	412	(4)
13.7 Summary	416	(1)
Exercises	416	(6)
Bibliography	422	(3)
14. Selected Topics in Sample Design and Estimation Methodology	425	(30)
14.1 World Health Organization EPI Surveys: A Modification of PPS Sampling for Use in Developing Countries	425	(2)
14.2 Quality Assurance Sampling	427	(3)
14.3 Sample Sizes for Longitudinal Studies	430	(4)
14.3.1 Simple Random Sampling	431	(2)
14.3.2 Simple One-Stage Cluster Sampling	433	(1)
14.3.3 Cluster Sampling with More Than One Domain	434	(1)
14.4 Estimation of Prevalence of Diseases from Screening Studies	434	(5)
14.5 Estimation of Rare Events: Network Sampling	439	(4)
14.6 Estimation of Rare Events: Dual Samples	443	(1)
14.7 Estimation of Characteristics for Local Areas: Synthetic Estimation	444	(3)
14.8 Extraction of Sensitive Information Randomized Response Techniques	447	(2)
14.9 Summary	449	(1)
Exercises	449	(1)
Bibliography	450	(5)
15. Telephone Sampling	455	(26)
R.J. Casady
J.M. Lepkowski
15.1 Overview	455	(5)
15.1.1 The Telephone Household Population	456	(1)
15.1.2 Telephone Systems	457	(1)
15.1.3 Sampling Frames	458	(2)
15.2 Telephone Sample Designs	460	(7)
15.2.1 Sample Designs Using the BCR Frame	460	(3)
15.2.2 Sample Designs Utilizing Published Residential Telephone Numbers	463	(1)
15.2.3 Designs Using the BCR Frame and Published Telephone Numbers	464	(3)
15.3 Estimation	467	(5)
15.3.1 Estimating Means	467	(2)
15.3.2 Estimating Sample Variance	469	(1)
15.3.3 Poststratification	470	(2)
15.4 Comparison of Designs	472	(4)
15.4.1 Cost-Variance Trade-offs	472	(1)
15.4.2 Implementation Considerations	472	(2)
15.4.3 Choice Among Alternative Designs	474	(2)
15.5 Summary	476	(1)
Exercises	476	(2)
Bibliography	478	(3)
16. Strategies for Design-Based Analysis of Sample Survey Data	481	(16)
16.1 Steps Required for Performing a Design-Based Analysis	482	(4)
16.2 Analysis Issues for "Typical" Sample Surveys	486	(8)
16.3 Summary	494	(1)
Technical Appendix	494	(1)
Bibliography	495	(2)
Appendix	497	(6)
Answers to Selected Exercises	503	(18)
Index	521