School Law : Cases and Concepts

by LaMorte, Michael W.

• ISBN13: 9780205419135
• ISBN10: 0205419135
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Clearly and interestingly written, this book offers its readers the optimal balance of case law, statutes, regulations, and commentary, thereby providing first hand knowledge of the law and useful guidance in understanding the meaning and application of the law in schools. This text enables educators to operate in a legally defensible and educationally sound manner. This new edition examines policies and litigation pertaining to church and state issues, legal rights and restrictions applicable to students and teachers, desegregation, school finance, vouchers, and charter schools, developments in disabilities law, and harassment of students. Pre-service and in-service teachers and administrators.

Table of Contents

Table of Cases	xv
Preface	xxiii
A Note to Users of This Text	xxvii
1 Educational Governance: Sources of Law and the Courts	1	(19)
I. Sources of Law	3	(11)
A. Federal Level	3	(9)
1. Constitution and Amendments	3	(6)
a. Historical Perspective	3	(2)
b. Due Process and Equal Protection	5	(1)
(1) Due Process	6	(1)
(2) Equal Protection	8	(1)
2. Statutes	9	(1)
3. Case Law	10	(1)
4. Executive Orders and Attorney General Opinions	11	(1)
B. State Level	12	(2)
1. State Constitutions	12	(1)
2. State Statutes	12	(1)
3. Case Law	13	(1)
4. State Board of Education, Chief State School Officer, and State Department of Education	13	(1)
5. Attorney General Opinions	14	(1)
C. Local Level	14	(1)
II. The American Judicial System	14	(6)
A. State Court Systems	15	(1)
B. Federal Court System	16	(4)
1. District Courts	16	(1)
2. Courts of Appeals	17	(1)
3. Supreme Court	17	(3)
2 Schools and the State	20	(85)
I. Compulsory Attendance	20	(10)
A. Satisfied by Parochial, Private, or Home School Attendance	20	(5)
Pierce v. Society of Sisters	21	(2)
Notes and Questions	23	(2)
B. Regulation of Private Schools	25	(1)
C. Home Instruction	26	(3)
D. Admission Issues	29	(1)
II. Religion in the Schools	30	(52)
A. School-Sponsored Prayer and Bible Reading	30	(32)
1. Recitation of a State Prayer	31	(5)
Engel v. Vitale	31	(5)
2. Prayer and Bible Reading	36	(9)
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett	36	(3)
Notes and Questions	39	(4)
Epilogue: Prayer and Bible Reading	43	(2)
3. Prayers at Graduation Exercises and other Public School-Sponsored Activities	45	(21)
Lee v. Weisman	46	(9)
Notes and Questions	55	(7)
B. Equal Access	62	(4)
C. The Teaching of Evolution	66	(6)
Edwards v. Aguillard	66	(4)
Notes and Questions	70	(2)
D. Textbooks	72	(1)
E. Distribution of Religious Literature	73	(2)
F. Released and Shared Time and Religious Instruction	75	(2)
G. Religious Holidays	77	(1)
H. Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools	78	(4)
III. Use of Facilities	82	(10)
Good News Club v. Milford Central School	83	(7)
Notes and Questions	90	(2)
IV. Aid to Nonpublic Schools	92	(4)
V. School Fees	96	(4)
Hartzell v. Connell	97	(3)
Notes and Questions	100	(1)
VI. Health Services	100	(5)
A. Immunization	101	(2)
Berg v. Glen Cove City School District	101	(2)
Notes	103	(1)
B. Distribution of Condoms	103	(2)
3 Students and the Law	105	(89)
I. Freedom of Expression	106	(26)
A. The Tinker Doctrine	106	(9)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	106	(7)
Notes	113	(2)
B. Limiting the Tinker Doctrine	115	(12)
1. Nonpolitical Speech	115	(6)
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser	115	(5)
Notes	120	(1)
2. School-Sponsored Expressive Activities	121	(6)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier	121	(4)
Notes and Questions	125	(2)
C. Participation in Patriotic Exercises	127	(6)
Sherman v. Community School District 21	127	(3)
Notes and Questions	130	(2)
II. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (Buckley Amendment)	132	(1)
III. Suspension, Expulsion, and Disciplinary Transfer	133	(18)
A. Suspension	134	(7)
Goss v. Lopez	134	(6)
Notes and Questions	140	(1)
B. Expulsion	141	(10)
1. Public School Expulsion	141	(6)
Gonzales v. McEuen	145	(2)
Notes and Questions	147	(1)
2. Private School Expulsion	147	(12)
Allen v. Casper	150	(1)
Note	150	(1)
C. Disciplinary Transfer	151	(1)
IV. Corporal Punishment	151	(7)
Ingraham v. Wright	152	(4)
Notes and Questions	156	(2)
V. Search of Students and Lockers	158	(13)
A. Student Search	159	(6)
New Jersey v. T.L.O.	159	(5)
Notes and Questions	164	(1)
B. Search for Drugs and Weapons	165	(2)
C. Intrusive Search	167	(3)
D. Locker Search	170	(1)
VI. Dress and Grooming	171	(8)
A. Dress	172	(3)
B. Uniforms	175	(3)
C. Grooming	178	(1)
VII. Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Marriage	179	(2)
VIII. Participation in Extracurricular Activities	181	(9)
A. Legal Status of Extracurricular Activities	181	(5)
Palmer v. Merluzzi	182	(3)
Notes and Questions	185	(1)
B. Athletics	186	(8)
1. Married Students	186	(3)
Beeson v. Kiowa County School District RE-1	187	(2)
Notes and Questions	189	(1)
2. Gender Equity	189	(1)
IX. School Punishment for Out-of-School Offenses	190	(4)
4 Teachers and the Law	194	(92)
I. Nonrenewal and Dismissal	194	(7)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth	195	(4)
Notes and Questions	199	(2)
II. Freedom of Expression	201	(11)
A. Tenured Teacher's Public Expression	202	(6)
Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205	202	(4)
Notes	206	(2)
B. Nontenured Teacher's Freedom of Expression	208	(4)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle	208	(4)
Notes	212	(1)
III. Academic Freedom	212	(16)
A. Appropriate Material	213	(9)
Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County	213	(5)
Notes and Questions	218	(4)
B. Political Speakers	222	(7)
Wilson v. Chancellor	222	(5)
Notes and Questions	227	(1)
IV. Drug Testing	228	(1)
V. Personal Appearance	229	(5)
East Hartford Education Association v. Board of Education of Town of East Hartford	230	(3)
Notes and Questions	233	(1)
VI. Teacher as Exemplar	234	(22)
A. Homosexual Teacher	235	(6)
Epilogue	239	(2)
B. Adulterous Teacher	241	(5)
Erb v. Iowa State Board of Public Instruction	241	(4)
Note	245	(1)
C. Criminal Activities	246	(4)
Gillett v. Unified School District No. 276	246	(3)
Notes	249	(1)
D. Impropriety with Students	250	(6)
Barcheski v. Board of Education of Grand Rapids Public Schools	250	(4)
Notes	254	(2)
VII. Employment Discrimination	256	(19)
A. Racial Discrimination	257	(5)
B. Sex Discrimination	262	(4)
Marshall v. Kirkland	262	(3)
Notes	265	(1)
C. Pregnancy	266	(6)
Eckmann v. Board of Education of Hawthorn School District	268	(3)
Notes and Questions	271	(1)
D. Religious Discrimination	272	(2)
E. Age Discrimination	274	(1)
VIII. Teacher Bargaining	275	(8)
Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association	276	(11)
Notes	282	(1)
IX. Political Activities	283	(3)
5 School Desegregation	286	(37)
I. Historical Perspective	287	(16)
A. Separate but Equal Doctrine	287	(9)
Plessy v. Ferguson	287	(8)
Notes and Questions	295	(1)
B. De Jure Public School Segregation Unconstitutional (Brown I)	296	(4)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	296	(4)
Notes and Questions	300	(1)
C. Implementation (Brown II)	300	(4)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	301	(1)
Notes and Questions	302	(1)
II. Early Desegregation in the South	303	(1)
III. Desegregation in the Non-South	304	(10)
A. Intentional Segregative Action	305	(1)
B. Interdistrict Integration	306	(8)
Sheff v. O'Neill	308	(6)
IV. Current Desegregation Issues	314	(6)
A. Release from Court Order	314	(2)
B. Race-Related Placement	316	(9)
1. Magnet Schools	317	(2)
2. Weighted Lottery	319	(1)
V. Epilogue	320	(3)
6 Individuals with Disabilities and the Law	323	(43)
I. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	325	(25)
A. Eligibility	325	(1)
B. Identification and Evaluation of Students	326	(1)
C. Substantive Educational Rights	327	(7)
Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley	327	(6)
Notes and Questions	333	(1)
D. Individualized Education Programs	334	(1)
E. Appropriate Placements	334	(3)
F. Related Services	337	(1)
G. Procedural Protections	338	(2)
H. Discipline	340	(7)
I. Transition Services	347	(1)
J. Graduation and Competency Exams	348	(1)
K. Cost Issues	348	(2)
Notes and Questions	349	(1)
II. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act	350	(14)
A. Students and Section 504	351	(10)
Thomas v. Atascadero Unified School District	353	(4)
Notes	357	(1)
Grube v. Bethlehem Area School District	358	(3)
Note	361	(1)
B. Employees and Section 504	361	(3)
III. The Americans with Disabilities Act	364	(2)
7 School Finance and School Choice Issues	366	(46)
I. School Finance Reform	366	(29)
A. Background	366	(2)
B. Early Decisions	368	(1)
C. Fiscal Neutrality	368	(1)
D. Rodriguez	369	(10)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez	370	(9)
Notes and Questions	379	(1)
E. Post-Rodriguez Litigation	379	(8)
Rose v. Council for Better Education	380	(7)
Notes	387	(1)
F. Results to Date	387	(8)
1. Decisions Upholding State Finance Provisions	388	(1)
2. Decisions Effecting Reform	389	(6)
Listing of Selected School Finance-Related Cases	391	(4)
II. Choice	395	(17)
A. Choice Plans	395	(15)
1. Public School Inter- and Intra-district Open Enrollment	396	(1)
2. Intra-District Specialized Schools	396	(1)
3. Voucher Plan	397	(10)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris	400	(6)
Notes	406	(1)
4. Charter Schools	407	(2)
5. Education Service Providers	409	(1)
6. Tuition Tax Credits	409	(1)
B. Legal Implications	410	(2)
8 Educator and School District Liability	412	(33)
I. School District Immunity	412	(22)
A. Liability under State Law	412	(2)
B. Liability under Federal Law	414	(20)
1. Liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983	414	(10)
Wood v. Strickland	419	(1)
Notes and Questions	419	(1)
Carey v. Piphus	420	(4)
2. Damages under Title IX	424	(11)
a. Teacher-to-Student Harassment	424	(1)
Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District	424	(1)
Notes	428	(1)
b. Student-to-Student Harassment	429	(1)
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education	429	(1)
Notes and Questions	434	(1)
II. Educator Liability	434	(3)
A. Intentional Torts	434	(1)
B. Negligence	435	(1)
1. Duty of Care	435	(1)
2. Standard of Care	435	(1)
3. Proximate Cause	436	(1)
4. Actual Loss or Injury	436	(1)
C. Defenses for Negligence	436	(1)
III. Duties of Supervision	437	(4)
A. Before and after School	437	(2)
B. During School Hours	439	(1)
C. Off-Campus Activities	440	(1)
IV. Parental Consent	441	(1)
V. Malpractice	441	(3)
VI. Insurance	444	(15)
Questions	444	(1)
APPENDIX A-Analyzing a Court Decision	445	(2)
APPENDIX B-An Introduction to Research in School Law	447	(8)
APPENDIX C-The Constitution of the United States of America-Edited	455	(4)
APPENDIX D-Statutory Material	459	(15)
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
Sec. 6301. Statement of Purpose	459	(1)
Sec. 6311. State Plans	459	(1)
Sec. 6316. Academic Assessment and LEA and School Improvement	460	(1)
Sec. 6317. School Support and Recognition	461	(1)
Sec. 6318. Parental Involvement	462	(1)
Sec. 6319. Qualifications for Teachers and Paraprofessionals	462	(1)
Sec. 6320. Participation of Children Enrolled in Private Schools	463	(1)
Sec. 6575. Prohibition Against Federal Mandates, Direction, or Control	463	(1)
Sec. 6623. Local Use of Funds	463	(1)
Sec. 6672. Authorization of Troops-to-Teachers Program	463	(1)
Sec. 6736. Limitation on Liability for Teachers	463	(1)
Sec. 7175. Gun-Free Requirements	464	(1)
Sec. 7165. Transfer of School Disciplinary Records	464	(1)
Sec. 7183. Nonsmoking Policy for Children's Services	465	(1)
Sec. 7217a. Participation of Children Enrolled in Private Schools	465	(1)
Sec. 7221. Charter School Programs	465	(1)
Sec. 7231. Magnet School Assistance	465	(1)
Sec. 7886. Private, Religious, and Home Schools	466	(1)
Sec. 7904. School Prayer	466	(1)
Sec. 7905. Equal Access to Public School Facilities	467	(1)
Sec. 7909. Prohibition on Federally Sponsored Testing	467	(1)
Sec. 7910. Limitations on National Testing or Certification for Teachers	467	(1)
Sec. 7912. Unsafe School Choice Option	467	(1)
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	467	(2)
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978	469	(1)
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967	469	(1)
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972	470	(1)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973	470	(1)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974	470	(2)
Equal Access Act of 1984	472	(1)
Civil Rights, 42 U.S.C. §1981-1983	473	(1)
Glossary	474	(5)
Index	479