The Science and Engineering of Cutting

by Atkins

• ISBN13: 9780750685313
• ISBN10: 075068531X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-09-03
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

The materials mechanics of the controlled separation of a body into two or more parts - cutting -- using a blade or tool or other mechanical implement is a ubiquitous process in most engineering disciplines, be it mechanical, civil, medical, food or process based, and a surprising number of engineers are involved in cutting and the design of cutting tools. There are a wide range of books available on the cutting of metals, but no other text is devoted to the cutting of materials generally, the mechanics of which (toughness, fracture, deformation, plasticity, tearing, grating, chewing, etc) have wide ranging implications for engineers, medics, manufacturers, and process engineers, making this text of particular interest to a wide range of engineers and specialists. * The only book to explain and unify the process and techniques of cutting in metals AND non-metals. The emphasis on biomaterials, plastics and non-metals will be of considerable interest to many, while the transfer of knowledge from non-metals fields offers important benefits to metalcutters. * Comprehensive, written with this well-known author's lightness of touch, the book will attract the attention of many readers in this under-served subject * The clarity of the text is further enhanced by detailed examples and case studies, from the grating of cheese on an industrial scale to the design of scalpels, supporting online materials data and FEM modelling material.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Controlled and Uncontrolled Separation of Parts: Cutting, Scraping and Spreading	p. 1
Fracture Mechanics and Friction: Muscles, Impact and New Surfaces	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Fracture Mechanics	p. 11
Friction in Cutting	p. 23
Muscles	p. 24
Impact Mechanics and Hammering	p. 28
Work of Formation of New Surfaces	p. 31
Simple Orthogonal Cutting of Floppy, Brittle and Ductile Materials	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Floppy Offcuts	p. 37
Different Types of Offcut Formation	p. 41
Brittle Offcuts	p. 43
Ductile Offcuts	p. 49
Offcut Formation by Shear	p. 52
Finite Element Simulations	p. 67
Cutting Through the Thickness of Ductile Sheets and Plates: Shearing and Cropping	p. 70
Types of Chip: Load Fluctuations, Scaling and Deformation Transitions	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Energy Scaling	p. 79
Variations in Depth of Cut and Rake Angle	p. 85
Cutting with a Built-up Edge	p. 92
Sawtooth Profile Chips	p. 94
Classification of Chips	p. 96
Wood	p. 99
Slice-Push Ratio: Oblique Cutting and Curved Blades, Scissors, Guillotining and Drilling	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Floppy Materials	p. 113
Offcut Formed in Shear by Oblique Tool	p. 119
Guillotining Edges	p. 123
Drills, Augers and Pencil Sharpeners	p. 134
Cutting with More Than One Edge: Scratching, Grinding, Abrasive Wear, Engraving and Sculpting	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Scratching of Low ER/k2 Solids	p. 143
Scratching of High ER/k2 Solids	p. 144
Grinding and Abrasive Papers	p. 150
Scratch Hardness/Scratch Resistance	p. 157
Scratching of Thin Films and Coatings: Pencil Hardness	p. 160
Erosion	p. 163
Definitions of the Coefficient of Friction	p. 165
Engraving, Writing Tablets and Polishing	p. 166
Sawing, Chisels and Files	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Knives and Chisels	p. 173
Saw Teeth	p. 174
Files	p. 181
Punching Holes: Piercing and Perforating, Arms and Armour	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Quasi-static Piercing with a Pointed Tool	p. 192
Quasi-static Circular Punching	p. 199
Hollow Punches	p. 201
Arms and Armour	p. 202
Penetration and Perforation of Armour	p. 209
Sharpness and Bluntness: Absolute or Relative? Tool Materials and Tool Wear	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Tool Materials	p. 224
Manufacture and Sharpening	p. 227
Geometry of the Cutting Edge	p. 230
Measurement of Sharpness	p. 231
Retention of Sharpness: Tool Wear and Machinability/Cuttability	p. 233
Effect of Bluntness and Clearance Face Rubbing on Cutting Forces, FC vs t Intercepts and Subsurface Deformation	p. 237
Cutting Edge Sharpness and Workpiece Critical Crack Tip Opening Displacement	p. 240
Compensation for Bluntness	p. 242
Wiggly Crack Paths Produced by Very Blunt Edges	p. 242
Unrestrained and Restrained Workpieces: Dynamic Cutting	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Minimum Speed for Cutting Unrestrained Workpieces	p. 248
Comb Cutters	p. 250
Optimum Shape for a Curved Blade	p. 250
Cylinder Lawnmowers	p. 253
Rotary Mowers and Strimmers	p. 255
Cutting in Biology, Palaeontology and Medicine	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Biology	p. 260
Palaeontology	p. 269
Medicine	p. 272
Food and Food-Cutting Devices and Wire Cutting	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Properties	p. 285
Food Texture	p. 296
The Delicatessen Slicer	p. 297
Wire Cutting	p. 300
Teeth as Cutting Tools	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Jaws and Bite Force	p. 310
Occlusion and Contact Mechanics	p. 312
Sharpness and Wear of Teeth	p. 320
Attack and Defence	p. 322
Scaling	p. 323
Burrowing in Soils, Digging and Ploughing	p. 327
Properties of Soils	p. 327
Roots	p. 333
Earths, Sands and Burrows: Hole-making and Scraping by Animals	p. 335
Earthmoving and Ploughing	p. 337
Picks and Crampons	p. 350
Unintentional and Accidental Cutting: Supermarket Plastic Bags, Falling Objects, Ships Hitting Rocks and Aeroplanes Hitting Buildings	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Grounding and Collision of Ships: Diverging and Converging Tears	p. 356
Progressive Dynamic Fracture	p. 359
Accidents Involving Cables	p. 360
The Twin Towers	p. 364
Friction Forces on a Wedge-shaped Tool Cutting Orthogonally	p. 367
Friction in Cutting	p. 371
References	p. 375
Index	p. 407
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