The Science & Engineering of Materials

by Askeland, Donald R.; Fulay, Pradeep P.

• ISBN13: 9780534553968
• ISBN10: 0534553966
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-13
• Publisher: CL Engineering

Summary

This text provides an understanding of the relationship between structure, processing, and properties of materials. By selecting the appropriate topics from this wealth of material, instructors can emphasize metals, provide a general overview of materials, concentrate on mechanical behavior, or focus on physical properties. Since the book has more material than is needed for a one-semester course, students will also have a useful reference for subsequent courses in manufacturing, materials, design, or materials selection.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering	3	(20)
What is Materials Science and Engineering?	4	(3)
Classification of Materials	7	(3)
Functional Classification of Materials	10	(3)
Classification of Materials Based on Structure	13	(1)
Environmental and Other Effects	14	(2)
Materials Design and Selection	16	(7)
Summary	17	(1)
Glossary	18	(2)
Problems	20	(3)
Atomic Structure	23	(26)
The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance	24	(1)
The Structure of the Atom	25	(4)
The Electronic Structure of the Atom	29	(1)
The Periodic Table	30	(3)
Atomic Bonding	33	(6)
Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing	39	(10)
Summary	42	(1)
Glossary	43	(3)
Problems	46	(3)
Atomic and Ionic Arrangements	49	(52)
Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order	50	(2)
Amorphous Materials	52	(2)
Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures	54	(8)
Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations	62	(1)
Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell	63	(11)
Interstitial Sites	74	(2)
Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials	76	(5)
Covalent Structures	81	(3)
Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis	84	(17)
Summary	89	(1)
Glossary	90	(3)
Problems	93	(8)
Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements	101	(42)
Point Defects	102	(6)
Other Point Defects	108	(3)
Dislocations	111	(8)
Significance of Dislocations	119	(1)
Schmid's Law	120	(2)
Influence of Crystal Structure	122	(2)
Surface Defects	124	(5)
Importance of Defects	129	(14)
Summary	132	(1)
Glossary	133	(3)
Problems	136	(7)
Atom and Ion Movements in Materials	143	(40)
Applications of Diffusion	144	(3)
Stability of Atoms and Ions	147	(2)
Mechanisms for Diffusion	149	(2)
Activation Energy for Diffusion	151	(1)
Rate of Diffusion [Fick's First Law]	152	(4)
Factors Affecting Diffusion	156	(8)
Permeability of Polymers	164	(1)
Composition Profile (Fick's Second Law)	165	(5)
Diffusion and Materials Processing	170	(13)
Summary	174	(1)
Glossary	175	(2)
Problems	177	(6)
Mechanical Properties: Part One	183	(40)
Technological Significance	184	(1)
Terminology for Mechanical Properties	185	(6)
The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram	191	(4)
Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test	195	(8)
True Stress and True Strain	203	(1)
The Bend Test for Brittle Materials	204	(3)
Hardness of Materials	207	(2)
Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior	209	(1)
Properties Obtained from the Impact Test	210	(13)
Summary	213	(1)
Glossary	214	(3)
Problems	217	(6)
Mechanical Properties: Part Two	223	(42)
Fracture Mechanics	224	(2)
The Importance of Fracture Mechanics	226	(4)
Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials	230	(4)
Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites	234	(2)
Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis	236	(5)
Fatigue	241	(3)
Results of the Fatigue Test	244	(2)
Application of Fatigue Testing	246	(4)
Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion	250	(2)
Evaluation of Creep Behavior	252	(2)
Use of Creep Data	254	(11)
Summary	256	(1)
Glossary	256	(2)
Problems	258	(7)
Strain Hardening and Annealing	265	(36)
Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve	266	(5)
Strain-Hardening Mechanisms	271	(2)
Properties versus Percent Cold Work	273	(2)
Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses	275	(5)
Characteristics of Cold Working	280	(2)
The Three Stages of Annealing	282	(3)
Control of Annealing	285	(2)
Annealing and Materials Processing	287	(2)
Hot Working	289	(12)
Summary	291	(1)
Glossary	292	(2)
Problems	294	(7)
Principles of Solidification	301	(44)
Technological Significance	302	(1)
Nucleation	303	(4)
Applications of Controlled Nucleation	307	(1)
Growth Mechanisms	308	(2)
Solidification Time and Dendrite Size	310	(5)
Cooling Curves	315	(1)
Cast Structure	316	(2)
Solidification Defects	318	(5)
Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components	323	(1)
Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting	323	(5)
Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth	328	(2)
Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses	330	(1)
Joining of Metallic Materials	331	(14)
Summary	333	(1)
Glossary	334	(3)
Problems	337	(8)
Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium	345	(38)
Phases and the Phase Diagram	346	(4)
Solubility and Solid Solutions	350	(3)
Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility	353	(2)
Solid-Solution Strengthening	355	(2)
Isomorphous Phase Diagrams	357	(8)
Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram	365	(2)
Solidification of a Solid-solution Alloy	367	(2)
Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation	369	(14)
Summary	373	(1)
Glossary	374	(2)
Problems	376	(7)
Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams	383	(36)
Principles and Examples Of Dispersion Strengthening	384	(1)
Intermetallic Compounds	385	(2)
Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions	387	(3)
The Eutectic Phase Diagram	390	(11)
Strength of Eutectic Alloys	401	(5)
Eutectics and Materials Processing	406	(1)
Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System	407	(12)
Summary	409	(1)
Glossary	410	(2)
Problems	412	(7)
Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment	419	(40)
Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions	420	(4)
Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit	424	(3)
Age or Precipitation Hardening	427	(1)
Applications of Age-hardened Alloys	427	(1)
Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening	428	(2)
Effects of Aging Temperature and Time	430	(2)
Requirements for Age Hardening	432	(1)
Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures	432	(1)
The Eutectoid Reaction	433	(5)
Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction	438	(5)
The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering	443	(4)
The Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs)	447	(12)
Summary	448	(2)
Glossary	450	(1)
Problems	451	(8)
Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons	459	(44)
Designations and Classification of Steels	460	(4)
Simple Heat Treatments	464	(2)
Isothermal Heat Treatments	466	(3)
Quench and Temper Heat Treatments	469	(5)
Effect of Alloying Elements	474	(2)
Application of Hardenability	476	(3)
Specialty Steels	479	(2)
Surface Treatments	481	(2)
Weldability of Steel	483	(1)
Stainless Steels	484	(3)
Cast Irons	487	(16)
Summary	494	(1)
Glossary	494	(3)
Problems	497	(6)
Nonferrous Alloys	503	(30)
Aluminum Alloys	504	(7)
Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys	511	(2)
Copper Alloys	513	(3)
Nickel and Cobalt Alloys	516	(3)
Titanium Alloys	519	(7)
Refractory and Precious Metals	526	(7)
Summary	528	(1)
Glossary	528	(1)
Problems	529	(4)
Ceramic Materials	533	(30)
Applications of Ceramics	534	(2)
Properties of Ceramics	536	(1)
Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders	537	(5)
Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics	542	(2)
Inorganic Glasses	544	(6)
Glass-Ceramics	550	(2)
Processing and Applications of Clay Products	552	(1)
Refractories	553	(2)
Other Ceramic Materials	555	(8)
Summary	557	(1)
Glossary	558	(2)
Problems	560	(3)
Polymers	563	(48)
Classification of Polymers	564	(4)
Addition and Condensation Polymerization	568	(4)
Degree of Polymerization	572	(2)
Typical Thermoplastics	574	(1)
Structure--Property Relationships in Thermoplastics	575	(5)
Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics	580	(6)
Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics	586	(5)
Elastomers (Rubbers)	591	(5)
Thermosetting Polymers	596	(2)
Adhesives	598	(1)
Polymer Processing and Recycling	599	(12)
Summary	604	(1)
Glossary	605	(2)
Problems	607	(4)
Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials	611	(44)
Dispersion-Strengthened Composites	613	(2)
Particulate Composites	615	(5)
Fiber-Reinforced Composites	620	(5)
Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites	625	(7)
Manufacturing Fibers and Composites	632	(4)
Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications	636	(7)
Laminar Composite Materials	643	(2)
Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites	645	(1)
Sandwich Structures	646	(9)
Summary	648	(1)
Glossary	648	(2)
Problems	650	(5)
Construction Materials	655	(22)
The Structure of Wood	656	(3)
Moisture Content and Density of Wood	659	(1)
Mechanical Properties of Wood	660	(2)
Expansion and Contraction of Wood	662	(1)
Plywood	663	(1)
Concrete Materials	663	(2)
Properties of Concrete	665	(5)
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete	670	(1)
Asphalt	671	(6)
Summary	672	(1)
Glossary	672	(1)
Problems	673	(4)
Electronic Materials	677	(48)
Ohm's Law and Electrical Conductivity	678	(5)
Band Structures of Solids	683	(3)
Conductivity of Metals and Alloys	686	(4)
Superconductivity	690	(4)
Conductivity in Other Materials	694	(3)
Semiconductors	697	(8)
Applications of Semiconductors	705	(4)
Insulators and Dielectric Properties	709	(1)
Polarization in Dielectrics	709	(4)
Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Ferroelectricity	713	(12)
Summary	718	(1)
Glossary	719	(2)
Problems	721	(4)
Magnetic Materials	725	(32)
Classification of Magnetic Materials	726	(1)
Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments	726	(2)
Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field	728	(3)
Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, and Superparamagnetic Materials	731	(3)
Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop	734	(3)
The Curie Temperature	737	(1)
Applications of Magnetic Materials	738	(7)
Metallic and Ceramic Magnetic Materials	745	(12)
Summary	751	(1)
Glossary	752	(1)
Problems	753	(4)
Photonic Materials	757	(30)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	758	(1)
Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission	758	(13)
Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection	771	(1)
Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena	772	(9)
Fiber-Optic Communication System	781	(6)
Summary	781	(1)
Glossary	782	(1)
Problems	783	(4)
Thermal Properties of Materials	787	(18)
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat	788	(3)
Thermal Expansion	791	(4)
Thermal Conductivity	795	(4)
Thermal Shock	799	(6)
Summary	801	(1)
Glossary	801	(1)
Problems	802	(3)
Corrosion and Wear	805	(35)
Chemical Corrosion	806	(2)
Electrochemical Corrosion	808	(3)
The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells	811	(4)
The Corrosion Current and Polarization	815	(1)
Types of Electrochemical Corrosion	816	(5)
Protection Against Electrochemical Corrosion	821	(7)
Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers	828	(1)
Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions	828	(4)
Wear and Erosion	832	(8)
Summary	834	(1)
Glossary	835	(2)
Problems	837	(3)
Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Metals	840	(3)
Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements	843	(1)
Answers to Selected Problems	844	(5)
Index	849