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What is included with this book?
List of Illustrations | p. xiii |
List of Tables | p. xvii |
Foreword | p. xix |
Preface | p. xxi |
Introduction | p. xxix |
Intended Audience | p. xxx |
Topical Outline | p. xxxi |
Institutional and Conceptual Framework | |
The Institutional, Scientific, and Policy Contexts | p. 3 |
Institutional Setting | p. 4 |
Executing Agencies | p. 4 |
Structure within Agencies | p. 5 |
Types of Decisions | p. 6 |
Funding Arrangements | p. 7 |
Scientific Context | p. 8 |
Basic, Applied, and Adaptive Research | p. 8 |
Research and Technology-Transfer Linkages | p. 9 |
Dynamics | p. 10 |
The Policy Context | p. 11 |
The Economic Justification for Government Intervention | p. 12 |
Research as an Instrument of Social Policy | p. 14 |
Political Economy Perspective on the Demand for Research | p. 16 |
Roles for Social Science Research | p. 17 |
Research Evaluation and Priority-Setting Principles | p. 19 |
Investing in Research and Technical Change | p. 21 |
Relating Research, Knowledge, and Production | p. 22 |
Economic Consequences of Agricultural Research | p. 27 |
Other Issues--Uncertainty and Adjustment Costs | p. 34 |
Measuring Benefits and Costs Using Economic Surplus Concepts | p. 40 |
Basics of Economic Surplus Measures | p. 41 |
Criticisms of Economic Surplus as a Welfare Measure | p. 43 |
"Alternatives" to Economic Surplus Analysis | p. 54 |
Determinants of the Size and Distribution of Benefits and Costs | p. 57 |
Critical Assumptions in the Model | p. 58 |
Extensions to the Basic Model | p. 65 |
Economy-Wide (General-Equilibrium) Implications of Research | p. 78 |
Distinguishing between Partial- and General-Equilibrium Models | p. 78 |
Practical Approaches for Research Evaluation | p. 79 |
Reconciling Multiple Objectives of Research | p. 80 |
Economic Efficiency | p. 81 |
Equity (Income Distribution) and Security Objectives | p. 82 |
Trading off Multiple Objectives | p. 87 |
Conclusions and Discussion | p. 92 |
Measuring the Effects of Agricultural Research | |
Econometric Measurement of the Effects of Research | p. 97 |
Conceptual Models of Production, Productivity, and Technical Change | p. 99 |
Parametric Approaches | p. 102 |
Nonparametric Approaches | p. 116 |
Index-Number Approaches | p. 120 |
Specification and Measurement Issues | p. 142 |
Primal Models | p. 143 |
Dual Models | p. 146 |
Single-Equation Supply Models | p. 150 |
Output and Input Data | p. 153 |
Research and Extension Variables | p. 167 |
Statistical and Econometric Issues | p. 188 |
Calculating the Effects of Research | p. 191 |
Growth Accounting | p. 191 |
Research-Benefit Streams | p. 193 |
Economic Surplus Methods | p. 207 |
The Basic Model | p. 208 |
Surplus Distribution in the Basic Model | p. 208 |
Disaggregating Benefits and Costs | p. 210 |
Horizontal Market Relationships | p. 212 |
Multiple Markets for a Single Product | p. 212 |
Disaggregating Consumer and Producer Surplus | p. 228 |
Multiple Products: Some General Issues | p. 230 |
Multiple Products Related in Consumption | p. 237 |
Multiple Products Related in Production | p. 240 |
Demand Shifts | p. 243 |
Vertical Market Relationships | p. 246 |
Two Factors with Fixed Factor Proportions | p. 246 |
Two Factors with Variable Factor Proportions | p. 251 |
Research Benefits with Input Substitution | p. 256 |
Models with More Than Two Factors of Production | p. 264 |
Market-Distorting Policies and Research Benefits | p. 266 |
Closed-Economy Examples | p. 270 |
The Small-Country Trader Case | p. 275 |
Large-Country Trader Models | p. 284 |
Overvalued or Undervalued Exchange Rates | p. 291 |
Sustainability Issues and Other Externalities | p. 293 |
Research Benefits in the Presence of Environmental Externalities | p. 294 |
Resource Depletion, Intergenerational Equity, and Agricultural Research | p. 297 |
Conclusion | p. 298 |
Evaluation and Priority Setting in Practice | |
Economic Surplus Measurement and Application | p. 303 |
Defining the Problem | p. 305 |
Clients for the Analysis--Decisions to Be Served | p. 305 |
The Objectives of the Analysis--Terms of Reference | p. 306 |
The Scope of the Analysis--Research Programs and Program Alternatives | p. 307 |
Objectives for the Research System--Measures of Benefits | p. 309 |
Strategy for the Analysis--Degree of Detail | p. 311 |
Market-Related Data | p. 314 |
Price and Quantity Data | p. 316 |
Elasticities | p. 319 |
Discount Rate and "Exogenous" Growth Factors | p. 324 |
Measuring the Research-Induced Supply Shift | p. 326 |
Conceptual Issues | p. 328 |
Practical Measurement | p. 332 |
Research Risk and Lags in Research, Development, and Adoption | p. 349 |
Application--Analyzing and Using the Data and the Results | p. 361 |
Calculating the Streams of Research Benefits and Costs | p. 361 |
Capital Budgeting | p. 362 |
Calculating Other Consequences of Research | p. 364 |
Variance of the Research Portfolio and Sensitivity Analysis | p. 365 |
Using the Results in Decision Making | p. 369 |
Conclusion | p. 377 |
Reality Check | p. 377 |
Achieving a Balance | p. 379 |
Computing Research Benefits | p. 380 |
A Spreadsheet Approach | p. 380 |
The Dream Approach | p. 386 |
Selected Formulas for Calculating Research Benefits | p. 395 |
Simplified, Two-Country Model | p. 395 |
Alternative Formulas for a Small, Open, Distorted Economy | p. 401 |
Estimating K Using Industry and Experiment Data | p. 411 |
A Two-Factor Equilibrium-Displacement Model | p. 411 |
Summary of Algebraic Results | p. 416 |
Data for Estimating the Supply-Shifting Effects of Research | p. 419 |
Elicitation Form Cover Sheet | p. 424 |
Research Resources | p. 425 |
Research Impact--Estimating k[superscript MAX] | p. 429 |
Research Dynamics | p. 433 |
Research Risk | p. 438 |
Reconciliation | p. 439 |
Mathematical Programming | p. 441 |
Mathematical-Programming Principles | p. 443 |
Basics of Mathematical-Programming Models | p. 443 |
Formulations for Research Resource Allocation | p. 450 |
Mathematical Programming in Practice | p. 456 |
Model Design | p. 457 |
Compiling Data and Calculating Coefficients | p. 460 |
Running the Model | p. 460 |
Conclusion | p. 462 |
Scoring and Other Shortcut Approaches | p. 463 |
Scoring | p. 465 |
Common Practice versus Basic Principles | p. 465 |
Defining a Simple Scoring Model | p. 472 |
Implementing a Scoring Model | p. 482 |
Other Shortcut Procedures | p. 487 |
Rules of Thumb and Guidelines | p. 487 |
Conclusion | p. 492 |
The Problem of Units in Eliciting Weights | p. 494 |
Overview and Assessment | |
Assessment and Conclusion | p. 501 |
Conceptual Framework Revisited | p. 502 |
Deciding on the Method and Degree of Detail | p. 503 |
Methods for Ex Post Evaluation of Research Programs | p. 504 |
Methods for Ex Ante Research Evaluation | p. 506 |
Setting Priorities | p. 507 |
Selecting Projects or Experiments | p. 508 |
Areas for Future Model Development and Application | p. 509 |
Conclusion | p. 511 |
References | p. 515 |
Author Index | p. 553 |
Subject Index | p. 561 |
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