Science Without Laws

by Creager, Angela N. H.; Lunbeck, Elizabeth; Wise, Norton

• ISBN13: 9780822340683
• ISBN10: 0822340682
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-10-30
• Publisher: Duke Univ Pr

Summary

Physicists regularly invoke universal laws, such as those of motion and electromagnetism, to explain events. Biological and medical scientists have no such laws. How then do they acquire a reliable body of knowledge about biological organisms and human disease? One way is by repeatedly returning to, manipulating, observing, interpreting, and reinterpreting certain subjects-such as flies, mice, worms, or microbes-or, as they are known in biology, "model systems." Across the natural and social sciences, other disciplinary fields have developed canonical examples that have played a role comparable to that of biologyrs"s model systems, serving not only as points of reference and illustrations of general principles or values but also as sites of continued investigation and reinterpretation. The essays in this collection assess the scope and function of model objects in domains as diverse as biology, geology, and history, attending to differences between fields as well as to epistemological commonalities.Contributors examine the role of the fruit flyDrosophilaand nematode worms in biology, troops of baboons in primatology, box and digital simulations of the movement of the earthrs"s crust in geology, and meteorological models in climatology. They analyze the intensive study of the prisonerrs"s dilemma in game theory, ritual in anthropology, the individual case in psychoanalytic research, and Athenian democracy in political theory. The contributors illuminate the processes through which particular organisms, cases, materials, or narratives become foundational to their fields, and they examine how these foundational exemplars-from the fruit fly to Freudrs"s Dora-shape the knowledge produced within their disciplines.Contributors Rachel A. Ankeny Angela N. H. Creager Amy Dahan Dalmedico John Forrester Clifford Geertz Carlo Ginzburg E. Jane Albert Hubbard Elizabeth Lunbeck Mary S. Morgan Josiah Ober Naomi Oreskes Susan Sperling Marcel Weber M. Norton Wise

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Biology
Redesigning the Fruit Fly: The Molecularization of Drosophila	p. 23
Wormy Logic: Model Organisms as Case-Based Reasoning	p. 46
Model Organisms as Powerful Tools for Biomedical Research	p. 59
The Troop Trope: Baboon Behavior as a Model System in the Postwar Period	p. 73
Simulations
From Scaling to Simulation: Changing Meanings and Ambitions of Models in Geology	p. 93
Models and Simulations in Climate Change: Historical, Epistemological, Anthropological, and Political Aspects	p. 125
The Curious Case of the Prisoner's Dilemma: Model Situation? Exemplary Narrative?	p. 157
Human Sciences
The Psychoanalytic Case: Voyeurism, Ethics, and Epistemology in Robert Stoller's Sexual Excitement	p. 189
"To Exist Is to Have Confidence in One's Way of Being": Rituals as Model Systems	p. 212
Democratic Athens as an Experimental System: History and the Project of Political Theory	p. 225
Latitude, Slaves, and the Bible: An Experiment in Microhistory	p. 243
Afterword: Reflections on Exemplary Narratives, Cases, and Model Organisms	p. 264
Contributors	p. 275
Index	p. 279
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.