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9780471597926

From Genes to Cells

by ; ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780471597926

  • ISBN10:

    0471597929

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1997-09-01
  • Publisher: Wiley-Liss

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

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Supplemental Materials

What is included with this book?

Summary

Experienced educators, all widely published in the field, present an accessible, supplemental text which offers a comprehensive yet succinct introduction to contemporary cellular and molecular biology. Thoroughly covers the essentials of the molecular and genetic components of cells. Features include over 150, original two-color illustrations, highlighted key words, boxed summaries, a complete glossary of key terms and phrases plus a selected reading section.

Table of Contents

PREFACE xvii
CHAPTER 1: CELLS AND TISSUES
1(20)
Principles of Microscopy
2(6)
The Light Microscope
3(3)
The Electron Microscope
6(1)
The Scanning Electron Microscope
7(1)
Only Two Types of Cell
8(6)
Special Properties of Plant Cells
8(2)
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
10(1)
Tissues: Cell Collectives
10(4)
Summary
14(7)
CHAPTER 2: MEMBRANES AND ORGANELLES
21(20)
Basic Properties of Cell Membranes
21(11)
Lipids are Esters of Glycerol and Fatty Acid
22(1)
Membranes Are Made of Phospholipids
23(1)
Straight Through the Membrane: Simple Diffusion
24(1)
Beyond the Plasmalemma: The Extracellular Matrix
24(5)
Cell Junctions
29(3)
Organelles Bounded by Double Membrane Envelopes
32(4)
The Nucleus
32(2)
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
34(2)
Mitochondria
34(1)
Chloroplasts
34(2)
Organelles Bounded by a Single Membrane
36(2)
Peroxisomes
36(1)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
36(1)
Golgi Apparatus
37(1)
Endocytotic Vesicles and Endosomes
37(1)
Lysosomes
38(1)
Summary
38(3)
CHAPTER 3: THE CYTOSKELETON AND CELL MOVEMENT
41(18)
The Cytoskeleton is Composed of Three Classes of Filaments
42(1)
Microtubules
42(4)
Microtubule-Based Motility
46(7)
Cilia and Flagella
46(5)
Intracellular Transport
51(2)
Microfilaments
53(3)
Muscle Contraction
54(1)
Cell Locomotion
54(2)
Cytoplasmic Streaming
56(1)
Intermediate Filaments
56(1)
Summary
57(2)
CHAPTER 4: CELL DIVISION
59(14)
Control of the Cell Division Cycle
60(6)
Molecular Regulation of the G2 (Interphase/Mitosis) Cell Cycle Control Point
62(3)
The G1 Control Point
65(1)
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
66(3)
Mitosis
66(2)
Prophase
66(1)
Prometaphase
66(2)
Metaphase
68(1)
Anaphase
68(1)
Telophase
68(1)
Meiosis
68(1)
Summary
69(4)
CHAPTER 5: DNA STRUCTURE AND THE GENETIC CODE
73(16)
The Structure of DNA
73(5)
The DNA Molecule is a Double Helix
76(2)
Complementarity of DNA Chains
78(1)
Different Forms of DNA
78(1)
DNA as the Genetic Material
78(1)
The Packaging of DNA into Chromosomes
79(3)
Eukaryotic Chromosomes and Chromatin Structure
79(1)
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
80(1)
Plasmids
80(2)
Viruses
82(1)
The Genetic Code
82(4)
The Code is Degenerate but Unambiguous
83(2)
The Start and Stop Codes for Protein Synthesis
85(1)
The Code is Nearly Universal
86(1)
Missense Mutations
86(1)
Summary
86(3)
CHAPTER 6: PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
89(16)
Mendel and the Foundations of Genetics
90(1)
The Law of Segregation
90(2)
The Law of Independent Assortment
92(2)
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
94(3)
Modifying Mendel: Changes in Ratios
97(5)
Lethal Alleles
97(2)
Gene Interaction
99(1)
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
100(1)
Multifactorial Inheritance
100(1)
Nature, Nurture, or Both?
101(1)
Summary
102(3)
CHAPTER 7: MAPPING THE GENES
105(14)
Genes and Chromosomes
105(2)
Linkage Mapping and the Structure of the Genome
107(4)
Making the Physical Map
111(3)
Introns and Exons: The Complexity of Eukaryotic Genes
114(1)
The Major Classes of Eukaryotic DNA
115(1)
Summary
116(3)
CHAPTER 8: GENE MUTATION
119(14)
Measuring the Mutation Rate
119(4)
The "Natural" Rate of Mutation
123(1)
Mutagenesis
123(3)
Repairing Mutations
125(1)
The Nature of Mutation
126(4)
Mutation is Not Random
128(2)
Summary
130(3)
CHAPTER 9: DNA REPLICATION AND DNA REPAIR
133(12)
DNA Replication
133(1)
DNA Replication is Semiconservative
133(1)
The DNA Replication Fork
134(1)
Proteins Open Up the DNA Double Helix During Replication
134(3)
DNA Helicases
136(1)
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins
136(1)
Topoisomerase I
136(1)
The Biochemistry of DNA Replication
137(3)
DNA Polymerase III
137(1)
DNA Synthesis Requires an RNA Primer
138(1)
The Self-Correcting DNA Polymerase
139(1)
DNA Repair
140(3)
Spontaneous and Chemically Induced Base Changes
140(1)
Repair Processes
140(3)
Summary
143(2)
CHAPTER 10: TRANSCRIPTION AND THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
145(22)
The Structure of RNA
145(2)
RNA Polymerase
146(1)
Gene Notation
146(2)
Bacterial RNA Synthesis
148(1)
Control of Bacterial Gene Expression
149(8)
lac, an Inducible Operon
152(4)
trp, a Repressible Operon
156(1)
Eukaryotic RNA Synthesis
157(3)
Messenger RNA Processing
158(2)
Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
160(3)
Summary
163(4)
CHAPTER 11: RECOMBINANT DNA AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
167(22)
DNA Cloning
167(11)
Creating the Clone
168(1)
Introduction of Foreign DNA Molecules into Bacteria
169(3)
Cloning Vectors
169(1)
Joining Foreign DNAs to a Cloning Vector
170(1)
Introduction of Recombinant Plasmids Into Bacteria
171(1)
Selection of cDNA Clones
172(3)
Genomic DNA Clones
175(3)
Uses of DNA Clones
178(8)
DNA Sequencing
178(3)
Southern Blotting
181(1)
In Situ Hybridization
181(2)
Production of Mammalian Proteins in Bacteria
183(1)
Protein Engineering
184(2)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
186(1)
Summary
186(3)
CHAPTER 12: TRANSLATION AND PROTEIN TARGETING
189(20)
The Attachment of an Amino Acid to its tRNA
190(2)
Transfer RNA, the Anticodon, and the Wobble
190(2)
The Ribosome
192(1)
Bacterial Protein Synthesis
193(6)
Chain Initiation
193(1)
Ribosome-Binding Site
193(1)
The 70S Initiation Complex
194(1)
Elongation of the Protein Chain
194(3)
The Polyribosome
197(1)
Termination of Protein Synthesis
197(1)
The Ribosome is Recycled
198(1)
Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis is a Little More Complex
199(1)
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis
200(1)
Protein Targeting
200(7)
Golgi Apparatus
204(1)
Trans Golgi Network
204(1)
Targeting Proteins to the Lysosome
205(2)
Summary
207(2)
CHAPTER 13: PROTEIN STRUCTURE
209(26)
Polymers of Amino Acids
210(8)
The Amino Acid Building Blocks
210(6)
The Unique Properties of Each Amino Acid
216(2)
Charge
216(1)
UV Absorbance
217(1)
Disulfide Bridging
217(1)
Phosphorylation
217(1)
Other Amino Acids Are Found in Nature
218(1)
The Three Dimensional Structures of Proteins
219(11)
Prosthetic Groups
230(1)
The Primary Structure Contains All of the Information Necessary to Specify Higher-Level Structures
231(1)
Summary
232(3)
CHAPTER 14: HOW PROTEINS WORK
235(16)
Dynamic Protein Structures
235(5)
Allosteric Effects
236(2)
Chemical Changes that Shift the Preferred Shape
238(2)
Enzymes Are Protein Catalysts
240(5)
The Initial Velocity of an Enzyme Reaction
241(1)
The Effect of Substrate Concentration
242(2)
The Effect of Enzyme Concentration
244(1)
The Specificity Constant
244(1)
Enzyme Catalysis
245(1)
Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups
246(1)
Enzymes Can Be Regulated
246(2)
Summary
248(3)
CHAPTER 15: ENERGY TRADING WITHIN THE CELL
251(12)
Cellular Energy Currencies
251(5)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)
253(1)
Nucleoside Triphosphates (ATP plus GTP, CTP, TTP, and UTP)
253(2)
The Hydrogen Ion Gradient across the Mitochondrial Membrane
255(1)
The Sodium Gradient across the Plasmalemma
256(1)
The Energy Currencies are Interconvertible
256(5)
Exchange Mechanisms that Convert between the Four Energy Currencies
256(2)
The Electron Transport Chain
258(1)
ATP Synthase
258(1)
Sodium/Potassium ATPase
259(1)
ADP/ATP Exchanger
260(1)
All Carriers Can Change Direction
260(1)
Summary
261(2)
CHAPTER 16: METABOLISM
263(22)
The Krebs Cycle: The Central Switching Yard of Metabolism
264(2)
From Glucose to Pyruvate: Glycolysis
266(3)
Glycolysis without Oxygen
268(1)
Glycogen Can Feed the Glycolytic Pathway
269(1)
From Fats to Acetyl-CoA: Lipolysis and XXX Oxidation
269(1)
Amino Acids As Another Source of Metabolic Energy
269(3)
Making Glucose: Gluconeogenesis
272(2)
Making Fatty Acids
274(4)
Synthesis of Amino Acids
278(1)
Carbon Fixation in Plants
278(1)
Control of Energy Production
279(3)
Feedforward and Feedback
279(1)
Negative Feedback Control of Glycolysis
280(1)
Feedforward Control in Muscle Cells
281(1)
Summary
282(3)
CHAPTER 17: IONS AND VOLTAGES
285(18)
The Potassium Gradient and the Resting Voltage
285(6)
Potassium Channels Make the Plasmalemma Permeable to Potassium Ions
286(1)
Concentration Gradients and Electrical Voltage Can Balance
287(4)
The Chloride Gradient
291(1)
General Properties of Channels
291(1)
General Properties of Carriers
292(5)
The Glucose Carrier
293(1)
The Sodium/Calcium Exchanger
294(1)
Carriers with an Enzymic Action: The Calcium ATPase
295(2)
Summary
297(6)
CHAPTER 18: THE ACTION POTENTIAL
303(14)
The Calcium Action Potential in Sea Urchin Eggs
303(6)
Effect of Egg Membrane Voltage on Sperm Fusion
303(2)
The Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel
305(1)
The Calcium Action Potential
306(3)
The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel in Nerve Cells
309(5)
Myelination and Rapid Action Potential Transmission
313(1)
Summary
314(3)
CHAPTER 19: INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS
317(14)
Calcium
317(8)
Calcium Can Enter From the Extracellular Medium: Exocytosis at the Axon Terminal
318(2)
Calcium Can Be Released From the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Platelet Activation
320(3)
The Processes Activated by Cytosolic Calcium are Extremely Diverse
323(1)
Return of Cytosolic Calcium to Resting Levels
323(2)
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
325(2)
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
327(1)
Multiple Messengers
328(1)
Summary
328(3)
CHAPTER 20: INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION
331(14)
Classifying Transmitters and Receptors
331(3)
Ionotropic Cell Surface Receptors
332(1)
Metabotropic Cell Surface Receptors
332(1)
Intracellular Receptors
333(1)
Intercellular Communication in Action: The Gastrocnemius Muscle
334(6)
Telling the Muscle to Contract: The Action of Motoneurones
336(1)
Controlling the Blood Supply: Paracrine Transmitters
336(3)
New Blood Vessels in Growing Muscles: Growth Factors
339(1)
Summary
340(5)
CHAPTER 21: CYSTIC FIBROSIS
345(10)
Cystic Fibrosis is a Severe Genetic Disease
346(1)
The Fundamental Lesion Lies in Chloride Transport
347(1)
Homing in on the Gene Using Classical Genetics
348(2)
Molecular Genetics Carried the Search Forward
350(1)
A Cure for CF--or a Premature Hope?
351(2)
Summary
353(2)
SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 355(6)
GLOSSARY 361(42)
INDEX 403

Supplemental Materials

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